Coach Carter free essay sample

How does Thomas Carter exhibit chiefs make methods in Coach Carter? How do these position the crowd? In Coach Carter, Thomas Carter shows numerous chiefs make methods. Mentor Carter is about another mentor at Richmond High School that takes on the b-ball group. He does this in the would like to enable the players to make a superior future for themselves. The three chiefs create strategies that are shown in this film are outfit, camera edges and music. These chiefs make procedures are utilized to control the crowd to feel a specific path towards the film or to assist them with getting a person or thing. One of the three chiefs make strategies that have been exhibited in Coach Carter is outfit. Outfit can be utilized to show a characters character, show what sort of condition they are in, or make them contrast every other person. A genuine case of this executives make procedure is when Coach Carter is dropping his child, Damian, off at St Frances for school. What was the criticalness of the agreement Coach Carter had the colleagues sign? For what reason did the agreement incorporate the colleagues wearing a tie on game day? For what reason did they need to keep up a 2. 3 evaluation direct normal toward play? 4. What coached Carter mean when he told the group, â€Å"The losing stops now. Winning here methods winning out there. † 5. Toward the start of the film, Coach Carter posed the inquiry, â€Å"What is your greatest dread? † this equivalent inquiry was posed by him a few times all through the film. After the group was sidelined, a player stood up and gave his meaning of dread (see beneath). Depict in your own words the importance of this summation and how it identifies with living. How does this identify with our investigations of Juvenile Delinquency? 6. Endless supply of the different hypotheses we have concentrated in the course of the last a few classes, which misconduct hypothesis (s) would you be able to recognize from scenes in this film? Quickly portray those hypotheses you watched.

Organized Crime

Sorted out Crime The Mongols Outlaw Motorcycle Club was established in the East Los Angeles region, (City of Montebello,) in the late 60’s. It initially had ten individuals and every one of them have had some kind of contact with law requirement. As the club developed, different parts were shaped and they quickly extended all through the State of California. The Mongols immediately engaged in crime, as intends to help their club and rich lifestyles.These wrongdoings incorporated the offer of opiates, (prevalently Methamphetamine,) illegal tax avoidance, burglary, blackmail, firearms’ infringement, murder, and attack, among different violations. An association of this sort is shaped by a gathering of people, whom overwhelmingly originate from a childhood lacking instructive and money related chances, and were brought up in a messed up home where one or the two guardians were absent. In the year 2008, the club president at that point, Ruben â€Å"Doc† Cavazos, sett led on a few poor decisions, which welcomed government arraignments on himself and the remainder of club members.Doc Cavazos was thusly condemned to 20 years in administrative jail and examiners mentioned an order that precluded club individuals and their families from having and additionally wearing anything related with the Mongols. In a similar town, another previous club president and author of the Mongols, Alfonso â€Å"Big Al† Aceves, fills in as a program executive at The Rivers Edge Church. After an existence of savagery, medications and spending time in jail in jail, Big Al perpetrated his life to Jesus Christ and started his excursion as a Christian.Two men with a similar foundation and pursuing the equivalent childish objectives; both earned the most elevated situation in a similar association, one was gulped by double dealing and the other was conceded recovery Organized wrongdoing or criminal associations are the global, national or nearby exceptionally brought t ogether undertakings ran by hoodlums to take part in criminal behavior, most ordinarily for money related benefit. Some criminal associations, for example, fear monger associations are politically motivated.An ban cruiser posse is planned in a paramilitary framework. There is a levels of leadership and positions inside this criminal endeavor. There is consistency in the manner they dress, (normally known as â€Å"Colors,†) and they are committed to ride a similar make of bikes, (commonly Harley Davidson. ) As in other criminal associations, individuals work by a code and they promise a pledge of death, should they choose to leave, (or â€Å"drop-out,†) the association. Ruben â€Å"Doc† Cavazos was brought up just by his dad in Highland Park, in 1957.As he grew up, he turned into an individual from The Avenues Gang of Highland Park, (a pack regarded engaged with composed wrongdoing. ) During his late youngster years, Doc Cavazos wound up spending time in jail in area prison for an assortment of wrongdoings, yet later earned a permit to fill in as a radiology expert, henceforth the epithet â€Å"Doc. † It was obvious Doc Cavazos needed to carry on with an existence of wrongdoing and viciousness and in the wake of becoming weary of winning a legitimate living, he chose to join the Mongols. Doc Cavazos quickly climbed in the positions and therefore turned into the worldwide leader of the club.Doc Cavazos’ careless aura created a ton consideration among the other criminal cruiser groups, yet in addition among neighborhood and government law requirement organizations. A few court orders were served at Doc Cavazos’ homes and organizations and he generally showed an arrogant disposition with cops and government operators during the strikes. He generally had the budgetary methods and legitimate direction to get him out of prison on bail inside 24 hours from being captured. In any case, Doc Cavazos’ own self-importance wo uld turn into the apparatus law authorization specialists, yet in addition his own soldiers would use to seal his doom.Doc Cavazos’ greatest mix-up inside his association was to start enlisting individuals from the eighteenth Street Gang with affiliations with the Mexican Mafia and remote medication cartels. This choice made tumult among Mongol’s individuals, since these eighteenth Street posse individuals didn't possess Harley Motorcycles, which is an absolute necessity prerequisite for club individuals. It was apparent to the remainder of the Mongols that Doc Cavazos was for the most part inspired by troop numbers and the development of the medication, coercion and racketeering exchanges, than keeping up the vow he once pledged.Unbeknownst to Doc Cavazos was that this extension of the club would open a greater entryway for law requirement to penetrate private sources into the Mongols’ association to assemble knowledge. Inside a brief timeframe, Doc Cavazos, hi s child Junior and the remainder of club individuals ended up with No Bail government prosecutions and a directive for their club. Before Doc Cavazos was condemned to 20 years in government jail, he was removed from his situation as the leader of the Mongols. Doc Cavazos now sits in defensive authority inside the government jail framework, since an abundance et by his Mongol siblings will be granted to the person who slaughters him. Alfonso â€Å"Big Al† Aceves experienced childhood in East Los Angeles with no parental help and became what is normally referred to in the criminal world as â€Å"The Enforcer,† by the age of 18. Large Al would get paid to gather monies from medicate deals from subjects who might cannot or would be late in paying the medication rulers. As per Big Al, he would lean toward these subjects not pay, so he could have motivation to execute them. At very nearly 20 years of age, Big Al joined the military and turned into an individual from the 101s t Airborne, which battled in Vietnam.Big Al said during a meeting regarding his military enrollment, â€Å"What is better than to slaughter individuals, is to lawfully execute individuals and get paid for it. † Upon his arrival from Vietnam, Big Al had different run-ins with the law and this incited him to make a criminal bike club, which he called, the Mongols. His involvement with the military additionally gave him the establishment to make a criminal association. Large Al immediately got known for his fierce conduct and capacity to bring in cash by unlawful methods. This earned him a notoriety in the criminal world and the Mongols started to develop in size and in vicious acts.Big Al wound up serving a few province prison and jail sentences for an assortment of significant wrongdoings. When he met his significant other, who previously had six youngsters from a past relationship, Big Al’s quality as a group head had started to weaken; in light of his medication utili zation. Large Al turned out to be very dependent on Heroin and his profit in the criminal world were insufficient to keep up his medication propensity and thus, to accommodate his family. Large Al and his family lost everything and got destitute with no place to go. There was a Christian family who met Big Al and his family, and they brought them into their home.The leader of that family disclosed to Big Al that the main thing he expected of him was to peruse a Bible stanza with him once per day. As time passed by, Big Al was inquired as to whether he was happy to ask Jesus Christ into his heart and he yielded. He started his stroll as a Christian, however there were still a few difficulties to confront. There was as yet one pending case for an endeavor to plant a bomb and Big Al spent time in jail in government jail for this wrongdoing. Another test he confronted was experiencing Heroin withdrawals which considering his unreasonable medication misuse, could have been lethal.Upon hi s discharged from jail, he met with his better half and family at the air terminal and the main thing Big Al told his significant other was, â€Å"We are returning to chapel. † Big Al currently fills in as an instructor at a neighborhood church and he has spoken in several talking commitment. He has additionally become the coach to many, similarly as he, whom had driven an existence of wrongdoing and viciousness, and have now discovered absolution and reclamation in Jesus Christ. We discover two men of a similar ethnicity, experiencing childhood in a similar city, at first attempting to leave in a genuine vocation, yet then deluded into coming back to an untamed lifestyle.They both rose to control and briefly making the most of their status and luxurious methods of living just to discover at long last that it was all useless. One of these men gets himself hostage and in dread for his life, while the other, in spite of the fact that having been attempted and confronted serious outcomes, has at long last discovered genuine opportunity and redemption in Jesus Christ. In a similar sense, we perceive how these two men with comparative childhoods and the absence of parental love and direction were effectively trapped into an existence of wrongdoing and viciousness; supporting socio-social statistics.Works Cited â€Å"Al Aceves: Hard Core No More. † The 700 Club. Meeting by Gordon Robertson. CBN. 19 Dec. 2012. TV. The River’s Edge Ranch. â€Å"Al Aceves. † An astounding declaration. Web. www. theriversedgeranch. organization/about-us/staff/316763. aspx[->0] Cavazos, Ruben â€Å"Doc†. Respect Few, Fear None. New York: Basic, 2008. Print. [->0] †http://www. theriversedgeranch. organization/about-us/staff/316763. aspx Sorted out Crime Sorted out Crime The Mongols Outlaw Motorcycle Club was established in the East Los Angeles territory, (City of Montebello,) in the late 60’s. It initially had ten individuals and every one of them have had some sort of contact with law requirement. As the club developed, different parts were shaped and they quickly extended all through the State of California. The Mongols immediately engaged in crime, as intends to help their club and sumptuous lifestyles.These wrongdoings incorporated the offer of opiates, (transcendently Methamphetamine,) illegal tax avoidance, theft, blackmail, firearms’ infringement, murder, and attack, among different violations. An association of this sort is framed by a gathering of people, whom dominatingly originate from a childhood lacking instructive and budgetary chances, and were brought up in a messed up home where one or the two guardians were absent. In the year 2008, the cl

When Ron Swanson Came to Town

When Ron Swanson Came to Town Believe it or not, central Illinois is a not just a bunch of cornfields. Though the Morrow Plots, a live science experiment next to our Undergraduate Library, is pretty cool! Sometimes at Illinois, there are some really cool acts that come to town. Sometimes theyre even super cool alumni that went on to do big things in Hollywood. Nick Offerman, or who you may know as Ron Swanson from Parks and Recreation, came to Champaign a few weeks ago and performed a comedy show. Offerman performed at the famous Virginia Theatre in downtown Champaign for a sold out show. The Virginia Theatre is where the annual film festival, Ebertfest, occurs. Theres a really cool Roger Ebert statue outside the theatre that many people were taking pictures next to. Photo courtesy of Wiki Commons. Another cool thing about the Virginia Theatre is that its a renovated theatre from the 1920s, so the interior design of the place is really unique. It has a beautiful gold interior with it. Offerman ended putting on a great almost 2-hour show. It was cool because he was talking about his college days here at Illinois. He was a Theatre major, so he talked a lot about the state-of-the-art Krannert Center for the Performing Arts. He explained how Champaign-Urbana is a place that combines agriculture, innovation, and academics. Theres really not a town quite like it! What was also nice is that he was giving us Chicago Cubs scores because it was World Series Game 6 during the show. He was a big Cubs fan and so were a lot of people in the audience. The comedian also spoke a lot about the recent election and ended up singing a few songs about his life. He gave a shout-out to the beautiful Japan House in Urbana, where he spent a lot of time at in college. Overall, I was thankful I was able to see a cool Illinois alumnus come back to his town and put on a great show for the students. Daniel Class of 2018 I’m an Advertising major in the College of Media. I’m from a northwest suburb of Chicago called Buffalo Grove. I chose Illinois because it was the first university in the entire world to offer an Advertising major, which is pretty cool!

When Ron Swanson Came to Town

When Ron Swanson Came to Town Believe it or not, central Illinois is a not just a bunch of cornfields. Though the Morrow Plots, a live science experiment next to our Undergraduate Library, is pretty cool! Sometimes at Illinois, there are some really cool acts that come to town. Sometimes theyre even super cool alumni that went on to do big things in Hollywood. Nick Offerman, or who you may know as Ron Swanson from Parks and Recreation, came to Champaign a few weeks ago and performed a comedy show. Offerman performed at the famous Virginia Theatre in downtown Champaign for a sold out show. The Virginia Theatre is where the annual film festival, Ebertfest, occurs. Theres a really cool Roger Ebert statue outside the theatre that many people were taking pictures next to. Photo courtesy of Wiki Commons. Another cool thing about the Virginia Theatre is that its a renovated theatre from the 1920s, so the interior design of the place is really unique. It has a beautiful gold interior with it. Offerman ended putting on a great almost 2-hour show. It was cool because he was talking about his college days here at Illinois. He was a Theatre major, so he talked a lot about the state-of-the-art Krannert Center for the Performing Arts. He explained how Champaign-Urbana is a place that combines agriculture, innovation, and academics. Theres really not a town quite like it! What was also nice is that he was giving us Chicago Cubs scores because it was World Series Game 6 during the show. He was a big Cubs fan and so were a lot of people in the audience. The comedian also spoke a lot about the recent election and ended up singing a few songs about his life. He gave a shout-out to the beautiful Japan House in Urbana, where he spent a lot of time at in college. Overall, I was thankful I was able to see a cool Illinois alumnus come back to his town and put on a great show for the students. Daniel Class of 2018 I’m an Advertising major in the College of Media. I’m from a northwest suburb of Chicago called Buffalo Grove. I chose Illinois because it was the first university in the entire world to offer an Advertising major, which is pretty cool!

Freedom And Societal Pressures In Hurstons Novel - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 1013 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/06/14 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Their Eyes Were Watching God Essay Did you like this example? Their Eyes Were Watching God In Zora Neale Hurstons contemporary novel, Their Eyes Were Watching God, she displays the fight between freedom and societal pressures. The author illustrates the struggles black women face growing up in the mid-thirties when discrimination and unequal rights existed. Throughout the novel, Hurston displays to women the importance of gaining self -realization and independence. Hurston shows womens struggle to gain what they deem important in a controlling marriage. In the novel, Janie notices Joe Starks because he spoke for far horizon. The horizon represents hope for ideas Janie sees as unattainable, such as true love. Janie blames her Nanny for pinching the horizon so small it could choke her. Janie believes her chances at living happily in an equal partnership have been stripped away from her, leaving her to spend the rest of her years in submission. Hurston uses the horizon to show her audience that in order for self- actualization to occur, one must have the freedom to figure out what they need from life. Self- realization allows people to reflect on what they value most and gain the independence to achieve it. While gazing at a pear trees beauty, Janie concludes this is marriage. She connects sexual desire with a successful marriage. Janie felt no passion for her first husband, and thus she considered it a failure. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Freedom And Societal Pressures In Hurstons Novel" essay for you Create order Throughout the novel, she uses sexual attraction as an indicator of whether she has reached the horizon. Hurston uses the pear tree as an image of love to show women forced into marriage end up restrained from exercising their rights, such as having sexual desires. Without freedom, females do not gain the independence needed to grasp what they value in relationships and life. Janies second husband, Joe forces her to hide her hair because it exists for him to look at. He uses Janies appearance as a way to keep her under his control. After Joes death, she decides to take down her hair, symbolizing her new found independence. The author uses the image of her hair to emphasize the suppression of females in relationships that do not allow for self-reliance. Hurston emphasizes that without securing independence, women will live a life of obedience and thus not have power over their future. Through the use of emotional manipulation and confinement, Hurston emphasizes womens struggle for independence. During Janiers marriage to Logan, he described her place in marriage as wherever Ah need yuh. Logan restrains Janiers freedoms and confines her capabilities to only what potential he sees in her. Hurston demonstrates that confinement of ones abilities will keep them in permanent submission. She uses this to emphasize the physical and emotional power men yield over women, depriving females the independence needed to explore opportunities. Towards the end of Janiers second marriage, Joe started to comment on her aging appearance. Janie saw he was hurting inside, so she decided to endure his rude remarks. Hurston uses Janiers passiveness to show her audience how emotional manipulation can restrict a person from sharing their thoughts. Only when a person freely expresses themselves can they change their situation for the better. Hurston emphasizes that women must realize their self worth in order to reach their full potential and have an influence on society. After a fight, Janie reveals shed rather be dead than have Joe think she would hurt him. Hurston shows the loss of Janiers principles and the heavy influence on women to put their husbands feelings first. Hurston stresses the struggle for women to capture power in a manipulative and controlling relationship. The author highlights that independence and self-realization compose the keys to satisfaction with ones life choices. Throughout the novel, Hurston uses manipulation and restriction of freedoms to show womens struggle to gain self-actualization and fulfillment. Hurston compares the characters relationships in order to show the continuous effects of oppression in women. In Janiers first marriage, Logan complains about her work ethic saying, You think youse white folks. Logan forces Janie to do physical labor and does not allow her to speak back to him. Hurston uses the character Logan to show discrimination of black women: Logan stereotypes black females as more labor tolerant individuals. Hurston emphasizes that black women are less respected and considered ill-mannered if they disagree. The author shows a lack of independence allows for the discrimination and suppression of people. In Janiers second marriage, the longest one, her husband believes somebody got to think for women. Janiers husband does not allow her to converse and keeps her working in the store. Hurston uses the second marriage to show the repetition of oppression in women. She emphasizes that because men continuously consider women inferior and ignorant, women struggle to have an influence on changes in a male-dominated society. Hurston highlights the need for self-actualization and independence in order to reach a state of equality. In contrast, Janiers marriage to Tea Cake allowed her to gain independence and arrive at the horizon. Tea Cake remains thankful for Janie because she came along and made something outta him. Tea Cake allows Janie to voice her opinions, make decisions, and experience real affection. She found love in a marriage that allowed her to exist as her own person and reflect on her past. Hurston compares this marriage to the previous two in order to show the effects of gaining independence and control. Hurston emphasizes that women must have self-actualization in order to end oppression and establish equality among men and women. In Their Eyes Were Watching God, Hurston displays womens struggles for independence. Hurston describes the life of Janie Crawford, who struggles through three marriages and oppression. The author emphasizes the need for women to self reflect and fight for what they value. Hurston uses the marriages and characters to show how oppression prevents women from exercising their freedoms and gaining equality. She shows that self-actualization allows for women to take control of their future and acquire a sense of fulfillment with their life choices. Hurston wrote the novel in order to show women the importance of having self-actualization and independence.

The Underlying Profitability Of Importing American Books...

I. Introduction China Zhijian Publishing House, founded in 2010, is a company which mainly publishes Chinese publications and about 600 categories of new books can be published every year. The category of publications includes popular books, reference books, applied technology books, textbooks, medical electronic and audio-visual publications and so on. In addition, China Zhijian Publishing House had 2 readers services departments at Beijing and established 50 agent sites, and meanwhile, it had also achieved internet selling by applying online sales platforms. In recent years, China Zhijian Publishing House plans to bring American books into China markets, thus, some outstanding American books can be sold in China. This report is going to analyze the underlying profitability of importing American books into Chinese market through the aspect of culture and economy. II. Country’s Relevant History China is an ancient country with more than 5000 years of history. In the past, China experienced a series of wars before the founding of the new China, such as the Opium War, Sino - Japanese War, the Second Revolution, the Northern Expedition, Encirclement Campaigns, Anti-Japanese War and War of Liberation. China faced a series of severe wars, and never gave up any chance to fight with enemies. China is also an energetic country with a lot of ancient culture and history. In the ancient times, the literature of China was well developed in the ancient style. There are a lot of greatShow MoreRelatedWhat Factors Do You Think Attributed to Suraj Bhais Success? Was He Merely in the Right Place at the Right Time’’, or Are There Characteristics About Him That Contribute to His Success?9099 Words   |  37 Pages IN   OPERATION . 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A.Developing executive leadership at three levels that is -top team, -the personal development of individual executives as leaders and -the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) B.Getting strategy to work C.Achieve learning through knowledge management D.Achieve supply chain excellence E.Develop branding strategy =========================== 2. Productivity for   Ã‚  INTERNATION   TRADE   Competitiveness The rapid changes in the context of the process of economic reform, globalizationRead Morepaul hoang answers72561 Words   |  291 PagesPress    1 Business Management – Answer Book Important message from the author Dear Colleagues, Thank you for purchasing my textbook and for the encouraging words that many of you have passed on from around the world. In the final installment, I have put together answers/solutions to all 217 case studies. I hope you will find these solutions as a useful starting point. 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Essay on Developments in Middle Childhood - 1584 Words

Children between the ages of 8-12 are defined as being within the developmental stage of middle childhood. At this age, the rapid development of previous stages has decreased and the physical changes within this period are slower and more defined. The refinement of gross and fine motor skills is a critical aspect of this stage as the delayed or retarded development can have significant impact on the areas of cognitive, social and emotional development. In order to ensure children are equipped with the correct knowledge and understanding of health, well being and healthy eating, the period of middle childhood is one in which these aspects are incorporated and failure to properly do so can result in long term ramifications and†¦show more content†¦A study conducted in Iran based on this found an increase in motor efficiency and overall motor development when selected exercises were performed by the group. J.P. Piek, L. Dawson, L.M. Smith and N. Gasson (2008) found that chi ldren with poor motor proficiency are less likely to have active lifestyles and tend to prefer more sedentary activities (as cited in Asian Journal of Sport Medicine, 2011). As gross motor skills develop, fine motor skills such as writing, drawing, typing, cutting and small manipulations of objects and toys begin to be more refined. Drawings and writings of children in this stage is more advanced and detailed as it is supported by the physiological maturation and cognitive advances that are characteristic of middle childhood development (McDevitt Ormrod, 2010). The cognitive advances of this stage forms part of Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development. This stage theory is compiled of 4 specific stages that relate to the cognitive development of children. Middle Childhood build up to the third stage that is known as the Concrete Operations Stage. This stage is marked by the greater understanding of grouping and an increased ability to focus on more than one aspect of a s timulus (Marsh, 2010). Physical activity is crucial to children’s healthy growth and development. Encouraging and educating children on healthy eating habits and addressing the importance ofShow MoreRelatedChildhood Development : Middle Childhood1269 Words   |  6 PagesMiddle Childhood Development The middle childhood is to leave the play years to start maturing years to start adolescence (Berk, 2010). During the middle childhood, children began to have a lot physical changes. As well as, they begin to discover there identify that they are. For example, secondary sexual organs begin to develop in the boys and girls, they will confuse about identify. The puberty is the cycle when children are out of control because they will transition to leave the children to enterRead MoreMiddle Childhood Development1444 Words   |  6 PagesMiddle Childhood Development Carman Moon ECE 332 Professor Haddy October 3, 2011 Each child will grow and develop, but not all will reach milestones at the same time. This makes it very important for educators and parents to have knowledge and understanding of the developmental milestones of middle childhood in order to ensure that a child is developmentally progressing within a normal time frame. These milestones are set up as a guide to help parents and educators make choices to takeRead MoreThe Development Of Middle Childhood1147 Words   |  5 Pageshad even received all the dolls I wanted from the Ariel collection. But, sadly, my last wish couldn’t be fulfilled because my parents had filed for divorce after being together and married for 20 years. As stated in the ‘Psychosocial Development in Middle Childhood’ power point divorce is considered a grieving process and we all had lost my dad. Not only had we lost our dad, but we lost a second income and support system in the household. So, I wasn’t surprised when it was state d divorced familiesRead MorePsychosocial Development in Middle Childhood1046 Words   |  5 PagesChildren in middle childhood are growing psychosocially at a quick rate. During middle childhood they become industrious, develop a self-concept, and learn how to be friends, amongst other things. In Erickson’s Stages of Development a child in middle childhood, (or children from age six to age eleven), move through the industry versus inferiority stage. This stage is marked by the child working to gain new skills and in general just being productive (Click P. M., Parker J., 2002, p. 89). A childRead MorePhysical Development in Middle Childhood1324 Words   |  6 Pagesstudents aged in their middle childhood (6-10 years) and planning curriculum. During this time the student’s physical development is changing dramatically and as teachers we need to understand the changes they are going through so we can adjust the learning environment accordingly. By â€Å"physical† I of course mean the development of the body, brain and motor skills. I will now explain the importance of all factors needed for excellent physical growth and development in the middle childhood years. One importantRead MoreCognitive Stage Of Middle Childhood Development860 Words   |  4 PagesFamily Dynamics Anthony Darey Argosy University Cognitive Stage of Middle Childhood The 1970 s was my era of middle childhood development. This was still a time of turmoil and racial inequality. Being a black child gave me few advantages growing up during this time. I attended decent schools, lived in a middle class neighborhood, and was socially active. I was a nerd, but not in the best sense of the word. I was smart but I was lazy.Read MoreEssay Middle Childhood and Adolescent Development1026 Words   |  5 PagesMiddle childhood, is a very exciting time for young children from the ages of seven to twelve years old. It’s known as the school years and new social and cognitive traits are being learned at home and at school. Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory found this to be the latentcy period in which no much happens. He described this because children at this age sexual and aggressive urges are repressed (Stages of Growth Development, 1898-1987). This paper will also discuss the changes from middleRead MorePhysical Development in Middle Childhoo d Essay1649 Words   |  7 Pageshuman development are influenced by diverse factors. Phases of development extend from the beginnings of human life and continue throughout the lifespan. These developmental phases are characterised by a range of features including brain development, language development and social development amongst others. Gross motor skills include activities such as running, skipping and jumping. They involve the use of the body’s larger muscle groups. Gross motor skills greatly improve in middle childhoodRead MoreEffects Of Poverty On Middle Childhood Development1403 Words   |  6 Pageskinds of development throughout middle childhood. It can alter socioemotional development, cognitive development, and physical health. (Evans, 2013). Parenting practices, neighborhoods, and overall environment play a significant role regarding to the emotional and physical health during development in middle childhood. Disruption with physical and emotional health could potentially cause harm to the child. In this essay, I will explain how poverty affects children throughout development and the differentRead MoreThe Effects Of Physical Development On The Middle Childhood1169 Words   |  5 Pagesage to adolescent is a time of growth and change. They are learning so much about the world around them, as well as their place in it. Their bodies are growing, and changing, and their cognitive capacity is increasing. Physical development in the middle childhood continues steadily and children grow taller. Growth is especially apparent in the legs. Their fine and gross motor skills improve too and they have greater strength and muscle control since their bodies have grown in size. Obesity

Debut Albums and Brother free essay sample

Every summer my family and I used to go to our country cottage. I will always remember the day when we decided to take a stroll. I was walking with my little brother In the evening forest and everything seemed to be perfect and quiet until he suddenly disappeared of my view. I didnt know what to do. It was the first time this had happened to me. I was absolutely petrified. I needed to calm down and look for my brother. Unfortunately, I had no mobile phone. At first I thought about asking someone, but I didnt see anybody. It was getting dark.After searching my brother In that gigantic forest, I stood for a while to recover a breath, and, completely desperate and exhausted, I started to shout his name, but nobody answered. All of a sudden, I heard someones fast steps corning closer to me I couldnt believe what I was contemplating: that someone was my brothers He was finally found safe and sound. We will write a custom essay sample on Debut Albums and Brother or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page We decided to come back home immediately. Ill never forget that terrible experience and those emotions of happiness that I felt when I saw my little brother again. Remember the day when we decided to take a stroll.I had been was walking with my little brother in the evening forest and everything seemed to be perfect and quiet until the moment when he suddenly disappeared of my view. I didnt understand know what to do. It was the first time this had happened to me. I was absolutely petrified. I needed to calm down and look for my brother. Unfortunately, I had no mobile phone. At first I thought about asking someone, but I didnt see anybody. It was getting dark. After searching for my brother in that gigantic forest, I stood for a while to recover a breath, and, completely desperate and exhausted, I started to hoot his name, but nobody answered.All of a sudden, I heard someones fast steps coming nearer closer to me.. . I couldnt believe my eyes what I was contemplating: that ;someone was my brother! He was finally found and absolutely safe and sound. We decided to come back home Immediately. Ill never forget that terrible experience and those emotions of happiness that I felt when I saw my little brother again. Debut Albums and Brother By alike felled brother in the evening forest and everything seemed to be perfect and quiet until he my brother. Unfortunately, I had no mobile phone.At first I thought about asking someone, but I didnt see anybody. It was getting dark. After searching my brother in that gigantic forest, I stood for a while to recover a breath, and, completely sudden, I heard someones fast steps coming closer to me I couldnt believe what I was contemplating: that someone was my brother! He was finally found safe and mobile phone. At first I thought about asking someone, but I didnt see anybody. It that someone was my brother! He was finally found and absolutely safe and sound. We decided to come back home immediately.

Flexibility of Employee Work Hours free essay sample

A discussion regarding how employers currently treat their employees with respect to working hours and family life with specific statistical references. In this paper the author addresses the issue of how the work environment, particularly in large companies, can meet the demands of family life. He looks at the different areas that people work in and assesses how accommodating employers are to the needs of the employees with specific reference to flexible working hours. The author also looks at how employers treat employees returning to work after maternity leave and allowing parents to attend to children during regular working hours. The author then moves on to discuss stress levels at work and how this directly relates to hours worked and time that the employee can spend with the family. From the paper: However, despite the fact that todays work/life movement has its roots in dependent care, the percentage of companies that provide assistance for dependent care remains remarkably low. We will write a custom essay sample on Flexibility of Employee Work Hours or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For example, only half (50%) have set up pre-tax accounts that help employees set aside money for child care or elder care expenses. One-third (36%) provide employees with information that help them locate child care in their communities. As we might expect, less than 1 of every 10 workplaces either has a child care center at or near the work site (9%) or helps defray some of the costs of child care (9%).

Skokie essays

Skokie essays In the case of Village of Skokie vs. The ACLU(American Civil Liberties Union) I would definitely stand with the ACLU. The ACLU was defending the First Amendment Right. They were not defending the Nazis. We might not agree with what the Nazis are saying but, they still have a right to say it. Herb Lewison of the ACLU and the attorney for Collin stated to the judge Your Honor, this is a simple First Amendment case. The Village of Skokie seeks and order, preventing the exercise of free speech before the speech has even occurred, in spite of the fact that it has been proposed as an orderly exercise, taking place for only 20 minutes on public property in front of the Skokie Municipal Building. This section of the quote from Herb Lewison is simply saying that Skokie is just trying take away the first amendment right of the Nazis. Everything that they are asking for falls within their first amendment right. All they are just proposing is an orderly march. An orderly march for 20 minutes on public property. This is okay in my opinion because everything is offensive to someone. But you still have the right to voice your opinion. The second quote Lewison states is, This is a classic case in which government officials are asking a court of equity to impose a prior restraint on the speech of persons advocating unpopular ideas. Lewison is saying in this part of his summary argument that the government is asking the court to issue a prior restraint on the speech because they dont agree with their ideas. Another part of his quote states The Village of Skokie has shown only that the political views of Collin an ...

Benjamin Franklin Autobiography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Benjamin Franklin Autobiography - Essay Example To demonstrate his desire to improve in his life, Franklin opposed his brother’s constant quarrel and moved to New York before moving Philadelphia in 1923. His decision to move out of his brother’s business was facilitated by his strong desire to be independent in his self improvement agenda. Franklin relied much on the printing skill he acquired while working in his brother’s business and in his new job in Philadelphia. Benjamin Franklin’s reputable performance and his personal desire for self improvement in Philadelphia attracted Governor Keith who persuaded him to go to London and establish himself independently. Keith advised him to assist him in his businesses and also in publishing â€Å"Dissertation on Liberty and Necessity, Pleasure and Pain†. The other way Franklin demonstrated his self development is by moving from the governor’s business and opting to start a business with Huh Meredith. In his new established printing office, Frank lin became an editor and proprietor of the â€Å"Pennsylvania Gazette† and the common â€Å"Nature and Necessity of a paper Currency† (Charles, 1909). Motivated by his desire for self development and a craving for assisting others in pursuit of self development, Benjamin Franklin published his commonly known â€Å"Poor Richard Almanac† article in 1732 (Charles, 1909). This was a composition which consisted words of wisdom explaining how an individual can acquire self development. This composition tremendously increased his reputation all over Europe. The printing of the most famous piece of literature known in colonial America â€Å"Father Abraham’s Sermon† in 1758 also demonstrated his commitment toward self development. In the same year (1758), Benjamin Franklin embarked on promoting public affairs with the aim of improving his popularity as well as facilitating his personal development. To popularize his image in public domain, Franklin establis hed an academy scheme which was later developed into the University of Pennsylvania. With an aim of establishing an avenue for communicating his scientific discovery, Benjamin founded an â€Å"American Philosophical Society†. Franklin relied on his new society in conducting and communicating his electrical researches progress. His decision to sell his business in 1748 to get leisure time for his study was another way in which Franklin demonstrated his intention for self development. At this time, Franklin was aware that education was among the most appropriate way which can facilitate his self development. During this time, Franklin had acquired substantial amount of wealth. At the same time, Franklin has made several discoveries which gave him adequate reputation thorough out Europe (Charles, 1909).To some extent, Benjamin Franklin was successful in his attempt. In his endeavor to acquire self development and become a public image, Benjamin set a scheme of academy which late r developed to the famous University of Pennsylvania. In 1748, Benjamin also attained self development through acquiring substantial amount of wealth which enabled him to continue with his education. In the same year, Benjamin had conducted extensive research and discovery which improved his public reputation. Benjamin also developed politically through conducting various popular reforms such as reforms in postal systems. His personal effort enabled him to hold several senior political and state positions (Charles, 1909). There were several factors that motivated Benjamin Franklin attempt of self development. To start with,

PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT PLANNING Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT PLANNING - Essay Example Global financial managers discuss and evaluate the financial parameters of business planning and performance. The course of Global Financial Management provides the students with a deep in-sight into the strategies used by the financial institutions and intermediaries to operate successfully in a highly dynamic and challenging environment. Students are taught the structure of financial markets, the factors that play a role in the development and breakdown of financial markets, and the way financial markets operate. The pathway of Global Financial Management provides a clear and coherent framework and educates and trains the students so that they can fully understand the challenges and deliver in the field of accounting and finance. The pathway of Global Financial Management enables the students to develop their employability skills by teaching them the mathematical techniques and operations involved in accounting and finance. Students are taught financial report writing which is a very important skill in the field of accounting and finance. Innovative financial management and strategic financial planning are some of the most required and relevant skills in the contemporary market driven by creativity and innovation. Students understand the financial capital markets in detail and develop the knowledge of annual company accounts. The pathway polishes the students’ ability to determine cashflows for the organization they work for and creates an understanding of latest developments in business thinking in the students. As a result of taking this course, students become deep thinkers and their ability to make informed decisions is improved. The pathway of Global Financial Management prepares the students to work in a variety of areas that include but are not limited to corporate finance, trading, banking, real estate,

Success of most international organizations

Success of most international organizations INTRODUCTION International project teams has been argued to be a key factor in the success of most international organizations(Heimer, 1994). Many factors have been attributed to this and they include; Rich cultural diversity leading to different ideas been generated by the respective team members thus bringing together knowledge and skills from the different countries that make up the team. In this paper, we will attempt to define an international project team, the advantages and limitations of such a team, conflicts that may arise, and finally we will propose the main lessons derived from working in an international team using a case study. Definition: Makilouko(2003) suggested that for a team to be called an international project team, it must fulfil either of three main conditions which are; its members must have different backgrounds working in the same country, or its members may work in different countries but meet on a face-to-face basis, or its members may be based in many countries but coordinate their meetings through electronic media. Heimer(1998) proposed that the difference between an international project team and other teams is as a result of the cultural differences present in such a team. These cultural differences result in differences in the process of communication, leadership and the way the team members work together(Snow et al, 1996) Group 4 is an ideal multicultural team made up of four team members from four different countries i.e. Nigeria, Malaysia, China, and Thailand, who are managing presentation projects in the same country. CHOICE OF LEADERSHIP The role of a leader in an international project team involves managing not only the hard aspects of the project i.e. technical details, but also the soft aspects of the project i.e. the human resources aspects. The management of these two objectives interchanges throughout the project lifecycle(Snell et al,1993). In an international project team, no one individual may possess all the necessary attributes needed to lead the team, hence the concept of collective leadership has been proposed by Freidrich et al(2009). Collective leadership process means that each member of the team showcases their skills and expertise at different aspects of the project lifecycle. This concept was corroborated by Hanschild and Kirchmann(2001) who alluded to the benefits of collective leadership. The Group 4 team adopted the principle of collective leadership in the management of the assigned projects. One member of the team volunteered to be the administrator in charge of organizing team meetings while the other members led the team in project areas they where good at. A member of the team led in information technology aspects, another member led in presentation slide design, while a third member was in charge of proof-reading the final slides for errors. This process of collective leadership ensured the collective participation of all project team members in leading the team and reduced the friction involved in choosing a particular person as a group leader. TEAM PROCESS Iles and hayes(1997) suggested that unlike other teams, international project teams require greater team building processes as a result of the cultural diversity present. These difference in culture can lead to the success or failure of the project if not well managed. Dreachshin et al(2000) proposed that two major aspects of the team process that is affected by cultural diversity are communication and conflict management. Communication Maznevski(1994) report that effective communication is the key to ensuring that a culturally diverse team is well integrated. Iles and Hayers(1997) also suggested that for cohesion to occur in an international project team, the individuals who make up the team must develop strategies to communicate across their differences. Heimer and Vince(1998) also agreed with this notion by proposing that multi-cultural teams that ensure that non-native speakers of the teams language can contribute are more effective on the long term even though initially they may work slower. At the preparation stage of the different presentations, we where able to address the challenges of communication by developing a communication strategy with the contribution of all team members. The strategy addressed the questions of When, What, and How do we communicate?. The basis of the strategy involved the use of multiple modes of communication in order to ensure understanding from non-native speakers of English. In order to do this, we deployed the use of information technology e.g. regular emails that provide a summary of the minutes of the meetings, and also utilized language translation websites like Google Translate ® for language translations. We also ensured that during meetings, we generate feedback from non-native English speakers in order to confirm that the points discussed have been understood. Conflicts Bercovitch(1983) proposed that conflicts in multicultural teams tends to occur when 2 or more parties have personal objectives that are not compatible with each other hence leading to them behaving differently. This view alluded to that proposed by Thomas(1976) which suggests that conflicts are inherent in every team process. Thomas(1976) also proposed that conflicts within teams are inherently bad and should be avoided at all costs. Jehn(1994) disagreed with Thomas(1976) negative perception of conflicts and proposed that conflicts that occur as a result of cultural differences in the way a task should be managed actually do lead to an improvement in team performance. The main reason why conflicts tend to occur in international project teams has been proposedto be as a result of mistrust and miscommunication among the team members(Trandis et al, 1965) In Group 4, the process of decision making was a participatory style in which every project team member is given equal time slots during meetings to make his/her proposal to the project plan. This style helped to address conflict that may arise from depending on a single or few dominant team members. The disadvantage of having the participatory style is because it gave rise to another conflict in choosing the particular members opinion that should be adopted by the Group. The way this was managed is by adopting a collaborative conflict management style as proposed by Thomas(1976). The aim of using this technique is to be able to merge aspects of all the different opinions and perspectives of the different team members into a single project plan. STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF GROUP 4 The key strength of the Group 4 team rests on the cultural diversity of its members. This diversity led to a large amount of different ideas been generated on how different tasks should be managed, the varied nature of the ideas occurred as a result of the unique cultural experiences of the individual members of the team and it provided a rich pool of information to source from. Another key strength of the team is the collective leadership style adopted which ensured participation of all team members and removed the destructive tendency of having a single leader dominating other members of the team. Finally, a third strong point was our adoption of the multimedia approach to delivering presentations as compared to the traditional slideshows. Our main objective for using this strategy was to promote understanding of the message and also to entertain the audience. The key weakness or bad points of Group 4 was exhibited during the last two projects whereby team members showed signs of complacency as a result of previous successes recorded. The efforts put into research was lower than the initial couple of presentations but rather, a lot of subjectiveness was used in developing the final projects. The reasons proposed for this included ongoing assignments from other modules, as well as family and job constraints. NEXT TIME In the event of my participation as a team member of a multicultural team, I would suggest that rather than sending emails of the proposed project plan back and forth among team members, we should have an Online repository/Store in which team members can log in independently and have access to/modify the project plan. In adopting this system, what we are trying to achieve is to have a rudimentary project plan which is continuously been updated by team members irrespective of their current location or language differences LESSONS LEARNED Tuckman(1965) proposed that groups typically go through a series of changes in development which he termed Form, Storm, Norm, Perform. My participation in this international project team enabled me to actually visualize and appreciate this stages taking place. The Hofstede(1980) study highlighted that cultural differences among project team members is a major factor which if not managed properly can lead to the success or failure of international projects. He proposed that conflicts that arise among international teams should be investigated from within the cultural context. The lesson learned in this case is that we are all culturally different and this differences leads to different perceptions about the way issues are managed. The effective use of multimedia during project proposal presentations help to promote understanding. This is achieved because it appeals not only to the brain of the audience but also to the emotions. Hence, an ideal project presentation will be one that effectively challenges the audiences to see, feel, hear, smell, and touch what the presenter is talking about. This is a strategy I intend to adopt in future presentations.

The Tenant :: essays research papers

Seneca Falls. This topic in my opinion closely relates to Anne Bronte’s The Tenant of Wildfell Hall. In 1848, around the same time this novel was published the Seneca Falls women's rights convention took place in the United States. They fought for the woman’s right to vote and overall equality. It was like men and women lived in different worlds they had to obey different rules and standards. Men basically had little rule, while women were very oppressed. They couldn’t make decisions and own property. Bronte certainly flipped the script with this novel showing the empowered female through her protagonist Helen Graham. Helen Graham is a young woman who changes her identity when she flees from her alcoholic husband who's been leading a life of corruption. She enters this nosy town who finds her new face to be quite interesting. Her new neighbor, Gilbert Markham, is terribly fascinated with Helen. At one point I felt that he could be deemed a stalker because she would not give him the time of day and he still persisted. Eventually Helen gives him her diary which pours out the confessions of her previously disastrous life and gives way to hope for a new future and helps both Gilbert and the reader understand the pain of this troubled woman. Helen passionately challenging ideas such as the extreme sheltering of girls, and the extreme exposure of boys, to the harshness of the world. We especially see this when Gilbert Markham argues with Helen over the differential treatment of boys and girls and the implied outcomes. Helen's protective treatment of her son Arthur sparks reaction in Gilbert. Gilbert's response to this is to say that â€Å"†¦and by such means ... you will never render him virtuous†. His outlook is that based on the society in order to prepare boys to be men it is necessary for them to be exposed to the dangers of the world as a means of developing a strong moral character. It is a double standard for females by the view that girls and women must be protected from the harsh realities of the world in order to protect them from moral distress or tainting. It is this contradiction that Helen addresses, challenging the importance of exposure to use as a strengthening of moral character, and the valu e of keeping girls in complete ignorance of the world's vice to prevent their corruption.

Psychodynamic and Behavioural Essay

Introduction In this essay I’m going to describe and evaluate the core theoretical perspectives in counselling, behavioural, cognitive behavioural, humanistic and psychodynamic theories, the view of the person in therapy, the blocks to functioning of the person in therapy and the goals and techniques of each theory. I will compare and contrast the approaches looking at the similarities and differences between the counselling perspectives and how the counsellor in each theory differ in their techniques to counselling their clients. This essay will present and contrast the workings of the four major theories of counselling psychology mainly – psychodynamic, cognitive behavioural and person-centred. First I will describe what counselling entails, introducing each in turn. My discussion will examine the four theories or approaches for a history of the founder and a rationale for why they were led to introducing a new therapy approach and a sketch of the key concepts. Further, I will look at methods and processes employed by each theory, the respective roles played by the therapist and the client and the various situations to which the theory can be applied. Finally I will examine the limitations of the theory and how well it integrates with other approaches. Throughout this paper I will offer my own view of the issues at hand and in so doing attempt a synthesis of the four theories The aim of writing this essay is to widen my knowledge and insight of the four theories, their backgrounds and development, their ideologies and how they influence human behaviour. This academic essay is going to form part of the requirements for the award of Diploma in counselling studies at the Kenya Association of Professional counsellors in Kisumu. Counselling The function of counselling is to help people to resolve problem areas in their life. Counselling provides an opportunity for the person to explore the difficult feelings, thoughts and behaviours that have blocked the way to satisfying relationships, personal happiness. The purpose of counselling is to help clients achieve their personal goals, and gain greater insight into their lives. One hopes that by the end of this process one will be more  satisfied with his or her life. Counselling is not a process where the counsellor tells the client what he or she should do or decides choices for the client to make. Rather it is an opportunity for the client to come to a greater understanding of the person that he or she is with the help of the counsellor. Counselling is to assist individuals through a helping relationship to make changes and adjustments in their lives to alleviate stress and reduce unrest. To create and discover choices those are available to counsellor in order to eliminate negative responses from challenging situations. The client relationship with their counsellor is confidential. No information concerning the client will be released without their consent. Counselling does not provide instant answers. The frequency of the person visits will be determined by the client and their counsellor. Living in the modern world, surrounded by confusion and at times apparent chaos, we are all often exposed to difficulties and challenging situation. We all encounter problems such as relationship difficulties, work demands, financial obligations, unemployment, divorce or other pressures we may face on a daily basis. Psychodynamic Theory Psychodynamic theories relate in some ways to the way we feel and behave as individuals and seek to provide a framework for us to understand these aspects of our personalities often our experiences in childhood and particularly our early relationships. Much of psychodynamic thinking from Freud’s theory of psychosexual development (Freud, 1905) to Winnicott’s work with children there is a recognition that we develop patterns in behaviour early in our lives that will shape the way we relate to the world as such these theories are known as developmental theories (Spurling, 2004, pg. 2). Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) The psychodynamic theory was first postulated by Sigmund Freud as psychoanalysis in essence learned in overcoming his emotional pain, the dynamics of personality development (Corey, 2000) He developed an interest in hypnosis which was an early precursor of psychotherapy. First Born of a Viennese family of three boys and girls, he graduated from medical school and became a psychotherapist Basic Assumptions and Key Concepts The counselling theories all encompass therapeutic techniques as well as a model of the human personality. Freud’s views of human nature was that the human beings was controlled by irrational forces and instinctual drives established in childhood whereby people are products of their environments and innate unconscious forces. These instincts serve as a meaning of survival for the individual where the goal of life is to enhance pleasure and avoid pain. The reviewed human personality as comprising of three elements The ID The primitive, it is instinctive, illogical, lacks organization, seeks pleasure. Hereditary factors are represented by the ID.the Id has no judgement value (good vs evil) and has no morality. The EGO Refined by the contact with the outside world the ego is realistic, organized and logical. Super Ego Representing the authority figures, the super ego is judgemental, ideal, strives for perfection and informs the person’s moral code. It represents reality of the external world. Freud believed that for psychological health all three had to be in balance (Hough, 2002) the ego’s role was to balance the conflicting demands between the id and the super ego that led to tension in order to protect the ego from negative energy defence mechanisms develop; these include denial, repression, regression and others. He saw human development through stages denominated by changing awareness and attitudes towards human sexuality organs. Accordingly, he devised the notion of libido which he refers to as the energy of all life instincts. This energy then is the motivation that drives us to the central goal of life which is to enhance pleasure and avoid pain. Later he came up with the death instincts that accounts for human aggression in his view, those unconscious drives determine how people act (Corey, 2000). Defence Mechanisms According to psychoanalysis, when an individual faces a conflict among the ID, ego and super ego over the control of psychic (mind) energy, he adopts several defence mechanisms to cope with the challenges. While all defence mechanisms can be unhealthy, they can also be adaptive and allow us to function normally. The greatest problems arise when the defence mechanisms  are over used in order to avoid dealing with problems. [Class notes, certificate in counselling studies, 2014] Anxiety There are three types of anxiety, one being reality anxiety which is in touch with reality threat, second is neurotic anxiety which is concern those instincts that will get out of hand and thirdly moral anxiety which is fear of own conscience . So when anxiety state is in excess, one goes into ego defence mechanisms to be able to cope. This happens mostly at the unconscious level and the aim is to either deny or distort (class notes, diploma in counselling studies, 2014, pg. 65) Reality examples of defence mechanisms include repression which acts to keep information out of conscious awareness. However these mechanisms don’t just disappear they continue to influence our behaviour. E.g. a person who has repressed memories of abuse as a child, may later have difficulty forming relationship Displacement Taking out our frustrations, feelings and impulses on people or objects that are less threatening egg if a boss has annoyed a person since he/she cannot argue with the boss he/she instead expresses anger towards a person or object that poses no threat such as spouse, pet or children or house maids. Sublimation Diverging sexual or aggressive energy to socially acceptable behaviour, for example a person experiencing extreme anger might take up kickboxing as a means of venting frustrations, Development Stages Freud linked different kinds of conflicts to specific stages of a child’s development, he classified these in terms of areas of the body, he believed to represent the source of child’s libido on sexual instinct at the time he termed them oral, from birth to 1 year, anal from 1 year to 3years, phallic from 3 to 6 years, latent from 6 to 12 years and genital from 12 to 18years. Freud believed that if a child does not negotiate any of this stages, they get fixated that is they psychologically remain in that stage and do not move effectively to the others. For example you may find a 12 year old still sucking the thumb, a characteristic of the oral stage. The adolescent is in  turmoil as she/he discovers the self. Goals The goal is psychodynamic theory is one to modify individuals character by making the unconscious conscious and two to strengthen the ego so that behaviour is based more on reality than on instinct. Techniques There are many techniques used to facilitate the clients to gain insight into their behaviour and meaning of symptoms and they include, free association whereby clients are made to relax so that they can reflect whatever comes to their mind uncensored even if it is disagreeable or if it seems meaningless and this is to bring forth material from unconscious mind (Jones, 2006) another one is dream analysis where during sleep the defences are lowered and repressed feelings surface. These may point to some unresolved issues, and in transference analysis, transference manifest itself at the point when a client’s unfinished business causes them to distort the present reality and to react to therapist as they did to the father, mother as significant others. Through Freudian slip or slips of the tongue, unconscious thoughts and feelings can be transferred to conscious minds. Freud believed that slips of tongue provide an insight into the unconscious mind and not accidental and every behaviour including slips of the tongue was significant thus determining behaviour (Corey, 2001) Limitations and Weaknesses Some of the ideas (penis envy, Oedipus) are outdated in terms of our contemporary world, and it is questioned by some theorists/practitioners whether these concepts are clinically useful It takes a long time commitment in terms of time and resources to complete the psychoanalytic therapy and process. His fellow proponent Carl Jung maintains that our behaviour is not merely shaped by our past events only but by the present as well as the future. Erik Eriksson Freud did not tolerate divergent views from himself and this led his contemporaries and students establishing their own theoretical approaches, these included Alfred Adler (1870-1937) who introduced what he calls (individual psychology) in 1911 another one was Erik Eriksson[ 1963] extended his theory of psychosocial perspective by stressing the  psychosocial aspects of development beyond childhood. His theory of human development holds that both psychosexual and psychosocial growth take place together and that each stage in life we face the task of establishing equilibrium between ourselves and our social lives. He describes development in terms of the entire lifespan divided by specific crisis to be resolved. He describe the crisis as turning point in life when we have the potential to move forward or regress. To large extend our life is as a result of the choices we make at each of these stages. Behavioural Theory Behaviour therapy, lie its name implies is the psychotherapy that focuses on the change or improvement of behaviour rather than the healing of the heart or the mind as Jan Ehrenwald called it ‘psychotherapy without psyche’ (Ehrenwald, 1976) although its main focus is on the behaviour only, however, in its clinical approach, behavioural therapy has been used to treat variety of disorders such as anxiety disorders, eating disorders and sexual disorders etc. besides the clinical approach behaviour therapy has been used in the area of business, schools and rehabilitation centres. Furthermore behaviour modifications, though slightly different approach but based upon similar techniques and assumptions are also used to correct undesirable behaviour and promote adaptive behaviours in our daily life. As an overall theory the distinctive emphasis is on overwhelming role of environmental contingencies in influencing the acquisition and maintenance of behaviour (Jones, 2006) Pavlov’s classical conditioning. Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1849-1936) research on the digestive system of dogs led to his discovery of the classical conditioning process which demonstrated that the learning process could be used to make an association between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus the underlying belief in classical conditioning is that behaviour can be controlled and that human beings can be made to do things without being aware of them just as Pavlov was able to condition a dog to salivate at the sound of a bell. This experiment shows that the environment can be manipulated to produce the desired behaviour or response, for example in counselling the client can be conditioned to produce the desired result for example to undo a negative practice such as fear. Pavlov’s researches into  conditioned reflex were essential to the founding of behaviour therapy (Jones, 2006). Skinners Operant Behaviourism B.F Skinner (1904-1990) was born in Susquehanna Pennsylvania. He came up with the concept of operant conditioning which demonstrated the effect of punishment and reinforcement on behaviour. According to him, reward and punishment make people behave in certain ways, positive reinforcement aims to increase the frequency of a response by filling it with a favourable event (rewards) while negative reinforcement makes use of punishment, withdrawal of the rewards. The term ‘operant’ emphasizes the fact that behaviour operates on the environment to generate consequences. Thus the consequences define the properties with respect to which responses are viewed as similar He acknowledged that Pavlov called all events that strengthened behaviour in his dog ‘reinforcement’ and the resulting changes their voluntary behaviour ‘conditioning’. However, the critical difference is that in Pavlov’s work, the reinforced is paired with stimulus, whereas in operant behaviour it is contingent upon a response. Classical and operant conditioning are the only two possible kinds of conditioning. (Jones, 2006) Albert Bandura‘s Social learning Bandura(1925) was born and raised in Mundare in Northern Alberta, Canada he graduated from the university of British Colombia with a psychology major and later received a doctorate in clinical psychology from university of IOWA and it was there that he came under the influence of behaviourist tradition and learning theory. He propagated social learning theory. It postulates that people are capable of learning vicariously by observing behaviourism of others as well as its consequences and imitating that behaviour. The key learning aspects include observation, retention, and motivational imitation. (Jones, 2006) Goals Main goal is to create new condition for learning. The behavioural approach helps produce effective ways of managing conditions of the client through behaviour modifications techniques and the principles of reward and punishments. It is assumed that such learning experiences can restructure behaviour. Assumptions The main assumption of behavioural approach is that behaviours learnt can be unlearnt for example the unacceptable behaviour such as smoking can be stopped. Techniques  Behavioural approaches use a variety of methods and techniques which include; relaxation training, systematic desensitization, token economies just to mention a few. These training methods are often utilized to help people learn new ways and overcome maladaptive behaviours. Relaxation training method aims at achieving muscles and mental relaxation, it is a useful experience in releasing physical and mental fatigue. While systematic desensitization is based on the principle of classical conditioning and is used to address anxiety based on maladaptive behaviour or avoidance reaction (Corey, 2001) Limitations and Weaknesses Behaviour Change is based on the idea of learning and that behaviour can be learnt and unlearnt and re-learnt contrary opinions show that some behaviours are hereditary (genetic) also behavioural approach deals with a client’s current problems and the factors that influence them rather than the reasons leading to the problem or historical determinants. The counsellor assumes that the client’s problems are influenced by present conditions for example at time it ignores the important relational and historical factors of present behaviour. Cognitive Behavioural Therapy In its simplest form, cognitive behavioural therapy (or CBT as it is referred) refers to the approach of changing dysfunctional behaviours and thoughts to realistic and healthy ones. CBT encompasses several types of therapy focusing on the impact of an individual’s thinking as it relates to expressed behaviours. Such models include rational emotive therapy(RET),rational emotive behavioural therapy(REBT), behavioural therapy (BT), Rational Behaviour Therapy (RBT), schema focused therapy and Cognitive therapy (CT).Most recently a few other variations have been linked to CBT such as an acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), dialectic behavioural therapy (DBT) and mindfulness based cognitive therapy ( MBCT) (Harrington and Pickles,2009). The main aspect that all these branches of therapy share is that our thought relate to our external behaviours. External events and individuals do not cause the negative thoughts or feelings. But instead the perception of events and situations is the root cause (National Association of Cognitive Behavioural therapists 2010) Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy (REBT) Albert Ellis (1913) was born in Pittsburgh he combined humanistic, philosophical and behavioural therapy to form rational emotive therapy, (now known as rational emotive behaviour therapy or REBT) Ellis can be referred to as the grandfather of cognitive therapy. Ellis became dissatisfied with practicing psychoanalysis and psychotherapy and began to focus more on philosophical beliefs including those that clients could change self-defeating behaviours by changing their points of View (P.333, Sharf, 2012) Ellis was the first to connect the impact of thoughts as they relate to behaviour when he published in 1962, Reason and Emotion psychotherapy (Walsh, 2010) Ellis work asserted that an individual’s underlying thinking about him/herself directly affected his/her behaviours and as a therapist his goal was to help the clients become more reasonable in thoughts and ultimately followed behaviours. Assumptions The basic assumptions of REBT is that people contribute to their own psychological problem as well as to specific symptom by the way they interpret events and situations. The approach views human problem as stemming from disturbances in the thought or cognitive process which people are disturbed not by events themselves but by their view of events. Emotions are derived from our beliefs, evaluation, interpretation and reactions to life situations and that changing these will lead to a change in how we feel about things and consequently how we behave or the actions we take (Corey 2005) The approaches teaches individuals to become rational in thoughts in order to eliminate irresponsible behaviour Ellis created the A-B-C theory based model to create changes which simply states that emotional and behavioural consequences (C) are the results activating events. (A) And irrational beliefs (B) of those events. Later D and E are bought into play with (D) representing the detecting and disputing element and (E) becomes the new effect or behaviour. Other techniques used in REBT that are major component of CBT are visualizations, skill training, homework and role  playing many believe that Elli’s REBT and Beck’s cognitive are very similar, however, Ellis disputes this and argues that there are significant differences, as do some therapists who take the side of Beck and favour cognitive therapy (Padesky and Beck, 2003,2007) Cognitive Theory Aaron T. Beck (6 1921) was born in Providence, Rhode Island. His childhood was characterized by adversity. Aaron Becks is widely renowned for his contribution to CBT. In the 1960s Becks, who initially was interested in depression, found the depressed individuals carried many biases in their cognitive processing leading him to create Cognitive Theory (C.T) (Burns, 1999.) Beck noticed that individuals exhibit an â€Å"internal communication system within themselves, from which they formed their beliefs† or what Beck called schema (Shard, p371). An individual’s schema represents their distorted thinking patterns and determines how they view or perceive events. For those that are depressed, the schema often consists of negative thoughts along with self-criticism and self-blame. More specifically, this cognitive schema presented â€Å"three basic themes of personal ineffectiveness, personal degradation, and the world is essentially an unpleasant place (Walsh, 2010).† This type of thinking commonly resulted in individuals prophesying failure and disaster for themselves. He also noticed during therapy that his depressed clients consistently dismissed positive thoughts in order to focus on the negative thoughts. Many of such thoughts seemed to be automatic and spontaneous, leading him to coin the phrase ANTs better known as automatic negative thoughts. Such thoughts, ideas and beliefs resulted in clients believing that they were unlovable, worthless, and despicable. In 1976, Beck published Cognitive Therapies and the Emotional Disorders leading others to take notice of this concept. He also contributed to the field greatly with some of the most well-known and utilized assessments such as the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS), and Beck scale for suicidal ideation (BSS), Beck anxiety scales (BAI), and the Beck youth inventories of social impairment (BYI). Goal Cognitive therapy teaches clients how to think about their thinking so that they can correct faulty cognitive processing and develop assumptions that  allow them to cope. It also aims to impact behavioural skills relevant to client’s problems for example listening and communication skills for distressed couples and assertion skills for shy people (Jones, 2006) Technique Cognitive Behavioural Therapy is directive and persuasive and even confrontive, though it can also be reflective and structured in its approach (Corsini and Wedding 1995) the therapists takes on the role of a teacher pointing out distorted thinking helping the clients identify and process emotions and practicing new skills by way of role play. In cognitive therapy, There is a heavy reliance on homework assignments and it is very much skill based method. Limitations CBT does not suit everyone and it is not helpful for all conditions. You need to be committed and persistent in tackling and improving your health problem with the help of the therapist. It can be hard work. The homework may be difficult and challenging. You may be taken ‘out of your comfort zone’ when tackling situations which cause anxiety or distress. However, many people have greatly benefited from a course of CBT. In order to benefit from cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) you need to ensure that you give a considerable level of commitment and involvement. Due to the structured nature of CBT, it may not be suitable for people who have more complex mental health needs, or learning difficulties. Cognitive Behaviour modification Donald Meichenbaum was another major alternative to rational emotive behaviour (CBM) which focuses on changing clients self-verbalization, according to Meichenbaum (1977), self-statements affect a person’s behaviours in much the same way as statements made by another person the therapeutic process consists of training clients to modify the instructions they give to themselves so that they can cope more effectively with the problems they encounter. Emphasis on acquiring practical coping skills for problematic situations such as impulsive and aggressive behaviour, fear of taking tests, fear of public speaking. On how behaviour changes, he describes three phases one being self-observant, here clients observe their  behaviours by listening to themselves then phase two is for starting a new internal dialogue, here clients learn to notice the maladaptive behaviours and begin to see opportunities for adaptive behavioural alternatives. Phase three for learning new skills. Then modif ication process consists of teaching client more effective skills. Assumptions Meichenbaum operates on the assumption that there are multiple realities and one of the therapeutic tasks is to help clients appreciate how they construct their realities and how they author their stories (Corey 2001). Humanistic Theory Humanistic theory focuses on the positive attributes to what they considered it is to be human. To better understand some of the attributes and notions of humanistic theory the following paper analysis’s two humanistic theories in turn; specifically Maslow’s conception of self-actualization and Rogers phenomenological based personality theory. This is followed by discussing some strengths and limitations to humanistic theories in understanding relationships, others and the self. Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs According to Abraham Maslow our actions are motivated in order to achieve certain needs using a pyramid model to display the hierarchy of human needs he suggests that people are motivated to fulfil the basic needs before moving on to other more advanced needs. Needs at the bottom of the hierarchy are basic physical requirements including need of water, sleep, air and warmth. Once this lower level needs have been met. People can move to the next level of needs which are safety and security.as people progress up the pyramid, needs become increasingly psychological and social. So once the need for love, friendship and intimacy become important. Further up the pyramid the need for personal esteem and feelings of accomplishment take priority, Maslow emphasized the importance of self-actualization which is a process of growing and developing as a person in order to achieve individual potential. This Hierarchy of needs was presented in the formation of a triangle Person-Centred American psychologist Carl Rogers (1902-1987) is often considered to be  founder of this school of thought. Carl Rogers was born January 8, 1902 in Oak Park, Illinois. Carl was the fourth of six children. He maintained there were three conditions which constitute the climate to promote the personal growth Genuineness: this is the realness and congruence. According to Rogers the more a counsellor is real and true in the relationship and is not putting up personal faà §ade and professional face the more the client will change positively. Unconditional Positive Regard: This is the simple act of accepting all traits and behaviours in the client as long as it does not entail causing significant harm to others. Positive regard is not withdrawn if the client does wrong or makes a mistake Empathy: Rogers believed that the counsellor should experience an accurate understanding of the client’s awareness of his own experience and show this understanding to the client. Carl Rogers believed that the client by establishing a productive relationship with an understanding counsellor can resolve difficulties and gain the insight necessary to restructure their life. Assumption The main assumption is one that human beings are good and moving towards good provided the environment is supportive and two ,people have the capacity to solve their own problems through the self-actualizing tendency and thirdly human beings are unique, singular and individual. Techniques Humanistic counselling is aimed at helping the counselling client make different choices. This type of counselling gives the client as much freedom to be himself in the counselling setting as possible. The counsellor’s role is to accept the client as she is and direct her to view her choices objectively, but not to impose choices on her or direct her behaviour in any particular manner. Humanistic counselling includes active listening, gestalt techniques and no confrontational questioning. Active Listening Active listening helps the client identify his own thoughts and feelings by summarizing for him the content or subtext of what he says. For example, if the client says he feels uncreative lately, the counsellor might comment, â€Å"You’re really having a dry spell,† or â€Å"It must be frustrating not to have any ideas when you want to work.† This gives the client a sense of visibility–the counsellor sees, understands and accepts who he really is–as well as putting a specific name to what he is experiencing. In some  cases, this gives the client new abilities to identify his own feelings outside of the therapy room. When using active listening, counsellors should be careful to reword emotional content rather than repeating it verbatim, as the latter technique can come off as glib or â€Å"not really listening.† Gestalt Techniques Gestalt techniques are a subset of humanistic counselling aimed at helping the client integrate her thoughts, feelings and experiences so her behaviour is consistent with her values and emotions, according to Psychology Today Treatment Centre. Common gestalt techniques include free association and psychodrama. In free association, the client is asked to say the first word or phrase that pops into her head in response to a word, phrase or incomplete sentence. Psychodrama involves dialoguing with aspects of the self, such as the inner child. Clients may be asked to switch from one seat to another in order to speak from the point of view of each such aspect or to write out dialogues between these aspects. Open-Ended Questions Asking open-ended questions helps the client delve deeper into his own thoughts about an issue. These questions provide a starting point for deeper thought without expressing the counsellor’s point of view, which could unduly influence the client. The questions require the client to say something more than â€Å"yes† or â€Å"no† and avoid language that might lead him to a particular answer. Strengths and Weaknesses of Humanistic Theories As with every theory designed for application in the understanding of mankind, Humanistic theories have both strengths and many weaknesses. Thus the following section will address the major strengths and weaknesses of Humanistic theory in turn. One of the major strengths attributed to Humanistic theory is the idea that the subject is fully accountable and in control of their actions. This is in stark contrast to the notions behind psychoanalysis. Leading from this assumption is the notion that humanistic theories promote the idea of being human, self-fulfilment and realistic and observable goals that can be obtained. A final strength to Humanistic theory is the idea that from a clinical perspective it offers an open space in which a patent can express any feeling of thought without being led down a  path to revisit traumatic events which they may not feel comfortable discussing. One of the major weaknesses with Humanistic theories is lack of empirical evidence to support its claims. Academics such as Maslow have been widely criticized in this respect in terms of an absence of scientific empirical evidence. A further and related criticism of Humanistic theories is their inability and unsuitability to be used within a metaphysical arena. While Freud and contemporary Freudians managed to move towards ethics and morality through the same criticism of lack of empirical evidence, Humanistic theories have yet to encroach on the metaphysical subject area. A final criticism of Humanistic theories is that many professionals view this discipline as motivated by the cold realities of psychoanalysis and is a discipline which is based on the resistance of the unconscious; furthermore the discipline has seemed to be in decline in recent history. Conclusion I have come to the conclusion that all the four techniques are complementary and one can draw from each, and that the four approaches of psychoanalysis, cognitive behavioural, behaviourism, and humanistic psychology, represent the fundamental ways of viewing human beings and their behavioural problems. It is therefore important to get an understanding of all the techniques so as to know how to help clients with varied problems solve them. I therefore prefer Eclecticism as it acknowledges the human being is a complex being and a single approach cannot be sufficient enough to cater for this complexity. I recommend that a therapist/counsellor gets proper knowledge and training of all the theories in order to be able to counsel a client effectively. Cognitive behavioural approaches deals mainly with what is conscience and evident to the client in my view more research needs to be done and the emphasis should be more on exploring past emotional painful feelings experienced during development period. Which I believe will help the client experience them afresh, address and work on them and in so doing resolve the issues by changing their defective thinking and behaviours. References 1. BAC, 2009. The BACP definition of counselling [online] Lutterworth,Leicestershire: BAC 2. British Association of Counselling and Psychotherapy, 1986, â€Å"Counselling-Definition of terms in use with expansion and rationale (Information Sheet 1)†, Rugby: British Association for Counselling. 3. Burns, D. D. (1993). Ten Days to Self-Esteem. New York: Quill. 1999. Revised edition. 4. Corey, G, (2005) Theory and Practice of Counselling and Psychotherapy, 7th Edition, Belmont: Brooks/Cole. 5. Corey. (2001). 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Hansen, J.C., Rossberg, R.H., Cramer, S.H (1994) Counselling Theory and Process, 5th Edition, Needham Heights: Allyn and Bacon. 14. Hough M, 2002; A Practical Approach to Counselling, 2nd Edition, Harlow: Pearson. 15. Rogers, C. R., & American Personnel and Guidance. (1980). Inner world of counselling with Carl Rogers. New York: Insight Media. 16. Rogers, C. R., & American Personnel and Guidance. (1980). Inner world of counselling with Carl Rogers. New York: Insight Media. 17. Spurling, L. (2004) An Introduction to Psychodynamic Counselling London: Palgrave.