The Making Of America s War, And The Board Of Trade

The making of America was a complex start. They experienced strong and weak times to get where we stand as a nation today. The process of establishing America was not at all peaceful, but rather violent. Through many bloodshed wars such as Bacon’s Rebellion, King Phillip’s War, and the Board of Trade. These events changed the outcome of the future for American society. These events had serious consequences that involved the start of classifying people based on their race instead of class, new ways of fighting, and the combination of the colonies. Appropriately enough Bacon’s Rebellion was started over a pig. Doeg Indians visited Thomas Mathew over some debt that he owed. He refused to pay the debt, and the Indians stole some of his pigs. This action sparked outrage among the community, and the blood bath began. Governor Berkeley ordered an investigation into the matter. Berkeley wanted to maintain the current friendship they had with the Indians. People like Nath aniel Bacon however were strongly against this idea. Results of this included regular traders were no longer allowed to trade with the Indians even though they had been trading for years. The Indians also went from â€Å"praying† to â€Å"preying†. Relationships with the Native Americans deteriorated quickly. The rebellion also got the attention of the upper class, because they quickly realized that the lower class could easily start a rebellion if they wanted to. The rebellion cost a lot of money, and the government realizedShow MoreRelatedAmerican Imperialism : America s Foreign Policy1045 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican Imperialism America wanted to expand their foreign policy to help boost their economy. They felt threatened because not only did they have to compete with countries like Germany and Japan to secure access to Chinese markets. The first foreign policy the U.S. had was the Monroe Doctrine, which closed the Western Hemisphere to further colonization from European countries. This secured the U.S. foreign trade with Central America. The American foreign policy warned European nations to stayRead MoreThe African Of African Diaspora1733 Words   |  7 Pagesessential. Humanity has molded and shaped the progress of the world in ways such as the movement or scattering of African colonies and tribes to the Americas in an inhumane fashion. This diaspora is known as the Trans-Atlantic slave trade. This essay will aim to provide a historical examination on the experience of Africans whom were forced to the Americas, ultimately triumphing over the obstacles and hardships that were put in place to hinder and obstruct human rights such as freedom, the right to readRead MoreThe Fedex Corporation Is The Premier Provider Of Shipping And Information Services Worldwide1526 Words   |  7 PagesFederal Express took a leading role in lobbying for air cargo deregulation that finally came in 1977. These changes allowed Federal Express to use larger aircraft, such as Boeing 727s and McDonnell-Douglas DC-10s. Today, FedEx Express has the world s largest all-cargo air fleet, including Boeing 777s and MD-11s, Airbus A-300s and A-310s. The planes have a total daily lift capacity of more than 30 million pounds. In a 24-hour period, the fleet travels nearly 500,000 miles while its couriers log 2Read MoreThe Clinton s Impeachment Of President Clinton947 Words   |  4 Pagesimpeachment requests did not receive 2/3 vote from the Senate. Clinton would escape impeachment and be able to finish off his term. 2001- World Trade Center Attacked On September 11, 2001 terrorists from Saudi Arabia hijacked four airplane lines that had passengers on board. Two of them suicide crashed straight into the two towers that made up the World Trade Center. The other two was meant to target the Pentagon, but one of the planes made it. This was one of the first direct and most damaging terroristRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Hunt For Osama 1223 Words   |  5 Pageshappened on that day because you have been told so many horrific stories from people who saw it happen live on the news, or you were there in the flesh or are part of the families who were so devastatingly affected by the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City and the Pentagon in Washington D.C. Nearly three thousand dead, and revenge was soon to come from our ailing country. There were warnings. Several, in fact. Even clear back into 1998 when Time magazine’s cover story titledRead MoreRelations Between The United States And China1620 Words   |  7 PagesSince 1899, America has maintained an open door policy with China. Throughout the years, relations between the United States and China have changed with several effects on both countries caused by the open door policy. Following the Sino-Japanese war from 1894 through 1895, the Chinese government was severely weakened. This meant that China was unable to protect itself from European countries and Japan staking claim throughout the country because although fragile post war, China was a heavily populatedRead MoreThe Expansion Of The New Nation1477 Words   |  6 Pages In the later half of nineteenth century America, the new nation’s original ability to resolve conflict through means of peaceful compromise had vanished. Various spans of conflict such as Westward Expansion, the Market Revolution, Sectionalism, Mexican American War, the succession of the southern states and ultimately the failure of the Compromise of 1850 that made compromise between the North and the South unattainable. It was the uncompromising differences amongst the free and slave states overRead MoreThe Film Blood Diamond By Edward Zwick1281 Words   |  6 PagesIn the film Blood Diamond, the director Edward Zwick uses the opening and closing scenes to show the socio-political effects of western consumerism in an underdeveloped society, in particular the Conflict Diamond trade and its effects, he uses this to highlight the idea of the ‘boy being the diamond’ within the film. Consumerism is seen to be the cause of death and destruction in the once beautiful landscape of Africa with portrait shots of mountains and beautiful sunsets. In both scenes the directorRead MoreThe American Of The Spanish American War1630 Words   |  7 Pagesof the Spanish American War to the current conflict in the Middle East, the United States went from relative isolation to increased global involvement because of their urge for humanitarianism, economic self-interest, and the search for Manifest Destiny. The consequences of this increased global involvement on American society were the increase of immigrants, increase in resources and â€Å"Yellow Press† media. The United States were the helping hand to Cuba during when America was moving from relativeRead MoreOur Initial Saving Money Framework Essay1679 Words   |  7 Pagesfew saves, and occupied with an excessive number of high-hazard credits, all of which tended routinely to undermine the delicate, cash economy in the United States.( Central Bank Intervention, 2016) The cash supply in eighteenth century provincial America comprised of an assortment of remote monetary forms and coins. Paper cash — the Continental, American cash surprisingly — was presented amid the progressive period, just to be debased rapidly by huge overprinting. After autonomy, the quantity of state-contracted

What Triggered The Witch Craze - 1564 Words

Joseph Bohannon Dr. Wirts History 4342 January 28 2017 What triggered the witch craze? Most historians agree that the witch craze began in the 15th century, during the early modern period. However, many factors that contributed to the witch craze had been brewing for several centuries prior, in as early as the 12th century we see the persecution of heresy by the Medieval Inquisition, which is basically a large-scale model of religious groups suppressing and killing anyone who does not agree with them, or speaks out against them. This similar type of rational is seen happening in Colonial America: men, women, and children who were educated, and spoke out against the social norms were labeled as witches and targets of hate crimes. The†¦show more content†¦Word of mouth was their most effective way of sharing information until the printing press was created, this invention revolutionized how information could be shared throughout the world, books were able to be mass reproduced and able to reach places that word of mouth may not have able to, but as is the case with most good things, evil people can use good things for bad. Large amounts of books were published that outlined the existence of witchcraft, stating that they were demonic influences involved, and offering ways for people to deal with it, as well as many embellishments. Some such publications were the Fomicarius (NIDER), Flagellum Haereticorum Fascinariorum (JACQUIER), De Lamiss (MOLITORS), and The Hammer of the Witches (MALIFICARUM). Publications like these perpetuated the hysteria into what we know refer to the witch craze/ which trials. The witch craze in Europe was at its height during 1560-1630, some of the most notorious trails that were held were: the Trier, Fulda, Basque, Wuzburg (mostly children were accused), and the Bamberg witch trials. In 1590 King James VI of Scotland got involved with the witch craze, he had developed such a fear that he would have nightmares of witches killing him. The King ordered that anyone suspected of witchcraft would be brought before the royal court. One such person that was suspected of being a witch was a nobleman named Francis Stewart who was the 5th Earl of Bothwell, who later fled the country fearing for hisShow MoreRelatedWitch Hunts of the Early Modern Period as the Result of Religious and Social Upheaval1075 Words   |  5 PagesWitch Hunts of the Early Modern Period as the Result of Religious and Social Upheaval The Early Modern Period was a time of great change in and around Europe. The people of the age were faced with upheaval of all forms; religious, social, political and even economical. Religious upheaval stemmed from changes in religious views and practises. The Reformation was a hugely significant event that took place in the years spanning 1520-1650. It was a religious, and politicalRead MoreThe Art Of Art730 Words   |  3 Pagesfurther apart as it reached the bait. It was all very well mixing with the mainstream to get one foot in the door, but our purity was soon overlooked. The feeling that I was the very carbon-copy of the last sunk in and was a sudden taste of reality. From what began as a solemn pledge of our ideas suddenly left me hiding behind my talents. I made a lot of decisions that altered my success, art stopped paying my rent unlike shoplifting and clerking. Once a style is crafted it is thought of as a simple thingRead MoreThe Art Of Art767 Words   |  4 Pagesgrowing farther apart as it reached the bait.  It was all  well  and good mixing with the mainstream to get one foot in the door, but our purity was overlooked.  The feeling that I was the very carbon-copy of the last was a sudden taste of reality.  From what began as a solemn pledge of our ideas suddenly left me hiding behind  my  talents.  I made many decisions that altered my success, art stopped paying my rent unlike shoplifting and clerking. Once a style is crafted it is thought of as a simple thingRead MoreThe Is The Scientific Study Of Demons2584 Words   |  11 Pagespredecessors. In order to change the world in the Christian religions the Pagan gods were mocked and converted in demons as justice for their one god AO who was originally a god of the sun and resurrection. Many religions and cultures now believe that what was once known as soothsaying was, or is a form of physical contact with demons. Demonology and demonologists often misuse the terms of demons. In modern day pseudoscience they are often applied to interpretations of exorcisms and archaic superstitionsRead MoreWitches of the 16th Century Essay examples2266 Words   |  10 Pages Source B claims to be a confession, but the way it reads from the start indicates that the victim had suffered torture and so was forced to write this confession. The process is described as an interrogation, and begins â€Å"I am a witch† and describes how the Devil approached the lady in the middle of the woods, and offered her great wealth, it goes on to tell how she could do nothing to resist and was soon under the Devil’s power. This source relates to Source A because Read MoreSelf and Consciousness Essay examples4457 Words   |  18 Pagesbrain Upright stance shortened distance so that consciousness made possible How defined? Walking state See continuum of consciousness Behavioral state? Of wakefulness Responsiveness: some automatic and some chosen Experience - consciousness of what? Content of experience from one moment to the next Smell, sight, brightness, temperature, etc. More subjective? Qualia ïÆ'   look up Possession of any mental state (mind) Is to have mind enough to be conscious (any mental state, ïÆ'   mostly emotionalRead MoreCRM 1301 Midterm uOttawa Carolyn Gordon Essay10218 Words   |  41 Pagesget rid of the spirits. If that person was still alive, the procedure was successful Witchcraft Correlated with ‘The Crucible’ where Tituba, Sarah Good Sarah Osborne are accused of witchcraft in Salem, 1692 What to do with the witches?! Exodus 22:18- Thou shalt not suffer a witch to live Leviticus   20:27- A man also or woman that hath a familiar spirit, or that is a wizard, shall surely be put to death: they shall stone them with stones: their blood shall be upon them. Assumptions of Demonology

Analysis Of Poetry By Marianne Moore Poetry - 721 Words

Poetry has been an form of lyrical expression for centuries. Poems have a way of invoking a multitude of emotions in readers. Generally, if a poem is well received by the reader/readers, it can give them a sense of intense importance or emotional attachment to the poem. However, bad poetry can have the opposite effect on a reader, and completely turn them away from poetry all together. Twenty century poet, Marianne Moore, challenges this response to poetry in her poem â€Å"Poetry†. Moore discusses the ideas of bad poetry and its conciscuses with distinctive word choice, and a descending stepped like structure to create a excellent poem herself. To understand Moores interpretation of what bad poetry is one needs to look at how she presents†¦show more content†¦The narrator then goes on to comparing the attempt to understanding these imitative poetry to animals and how its just like trying to understand some of the nonsensical nature of animals. It dumbs one down to t he level of idiocy like a â€Å"a wild horse taking a roll, a tireless/ wolf under/ a tree, the immovable critic twinkling his skin like a horse/ that feels a flea,† it’s funny. Next, at the end of the third stanza and beginning of the fourth, the narrator quotes a russian write, Leo Tolstoy, whom states that poetry must have verses and that free verse is not poetry. Therefore, the narrator claims â€Å"nor is it valid/ to discriminate against â€Å"business documents and/ school-books†; all these phenomena are important. One must/ make a distinction/ however: when dragged into prominence by half poets,/the result is not poetry,† essentially contradicting Leo Tolstoy’s view on what poetry, and that just because one is famous does not make them a poet. The narrator then goes on to reinforce this idea more. Then, in the finally stanza the narrator claims that to write good poetry that isnt mindless interpretations or claims to be poetry just because of the author by saying it must have imagination and realness, â€Å"imaginary gardens with real toads in them,/shall we have/it.† The narrator states that if the poem is presented in all of its rawness then the reader will genuinely be interested in the poem. In conclusion, Moore states that as long as a poem is imaginative, and rawShow MoreRelatedImagism in Ezra Pound, William Carlos Williams and Marianne Moore1601 Words   |  7 PagesEzra Pound, William Carlos Williams and Marianne Moore share? A) Ezra Pound, William Carlos Williams and Marianne Moore were all modernist poets. Modernist poetry deals with experiment and innovation. All three were imagists, though at a later stage, William Carlos Williams started disagreeing with Ezra Pound. Ezra Pound Ezra Pound was the most aggressive of the modernist poets, who made â€Å"Make it new!† his battle cry. He turned to classical Chinese poetry as his source for inspiration. He wasRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem The Fish 1047 Words   |  5 PagesDevica Davis-Kilpatrick Modernist Poetry Analysis February 25, 2015 â€Å"The Fish† Imagism is a style of poetry that employs free verse and the patterns and rhythms of common speech. The poet is free to write about whatever they want. The goal is to unify voice and image into a talking picture. Poets then have the power to make words into things. This then creates a picture for the reader. Marianne Moore is able to perfectly get her point across without directly stating it but making it clear enoughRead MoreElizabeth Bishop s One Art Style Analysis1275 Words   |  6 PagesElizabeth Bishop’s â€Å"One Art† Style Analysis In the villanelle â€Å"One Art† Elizabeth Bishop seems to take a very relaxed tone over a subject that many writers would deem a more emotional topic. Slowly her true frustrations are brought to light as the inanimate objects she lists switch from everyday things to examples that have more severity. Bishop’s style of using her works to subtly expose her own personal feeling is very present through the poem. Bishop’s poem â€Å"One Art,† although not one of herRead MoreAnalysis Of Emily Dickinson s A Narrow Fellow 1488 Words   |  6 PagesWith these study it shows that even as a child the fear of snakes is a human react to this creature that nature have create to be in our environment. After reading the poem by Dickinson I understand how Richards J. Heuer, Jr. talk about when using analysis in any form we should â€Å"intelligence analysts should be self-conscious about their reasoning while processes. They should think about how they make judgments and reach conclusions, not just about the judgements and the conclusions themselves† (HeuerRead MoreTed Hughes: The Shadow of Sylvia Plath Essay example2299 Words   |  10 Pages As England’s Poet Laureate, and recipient of both the Queen’s Gold Medal for Poetry and T.S. Eliot’s prize for poetry, Ted Hughes was an acclaimed poet. The shadow of Hughes late wife, Sylvia Plath, kept Hughes stagnant in his career, in which he was known as â€Å"Her Husband† (Middlebrook). Hughes most recent collection of poems, Birthday Letters, took him over twenty-five years to write, and contains poems which recount the marriage of the couple. Hughes wrote the poems as a loving gesture towardsRead M orePuritanism And Its Negative Portrayal Of The Body1641 Words   |  7 PagesBradstreet she writes: â€Å"Bradstreet lived at a time that precluded any sort of literary ‘career’, yet she used her pen as an instrument of surprisingly durable power.† (1). Also, Bradstreet has been identified as a precursor of Emily Dickinson, Marianne Moore, and Adrienne Rich (Eberwein 1). Already, we can note that Anne Bradstreet has been a strong influence on American Literature. However, we must interpret how she has been a strong representation and influence for Puritanism. Bradstreet serves

Readers Response Blue Collar Brilliance free essay sample

In â€Å"Blue-Collar Brilliance,† Mike Rose observes his mother, Rosie and his mother’s brother, Joe, in their occupations(96). Rose explains how his mother uses complex learning strategies and adaptation to fully excel in her blue-collar occupation. Rose explains how Rosie devised elaborate memory strategies while grouping and sequencing tasks in her head to become more efficient to â€Å"make every move count (97). Rosie used critical thinking skills to solve problems that arose, at an instant while taking into account the emotional state of her co-workers. Rose explains how Rosie became fluent at reading social cues and managing feelings of the costumer’s and her own to increase her chances of getting a bigger tip. Rosie expresses, â€Å"There isnt a day that goes by in the restaurant that you don’t learn something†(97). Rosie used complex psychology as well as major critical thinking skills, without formal teaching, to exceed at her profession. We will write a custom essay sample on Readers Response : Blue Collar Brilliance or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Rose then goes on to explain how Joe lacked formal knowledge but made up for with with hands on experience. As Joe worked on the assembly line and General Motors, he learned to be more efficient with his body by acquiring a set of routines that were quick but preserved his energy. Joe became a consummate multi-tasker while keeping a cool head under excruciating production schedules. Joe was able to study, up close, technological and social dynamics, machinery and production processes as well as paint chemistry. Because of this, Joe â€Å"not only Shimizu ! 2 solved problems but found problems to solve†(99). Joe states that the shop floor provided what school did not. â€Å"It was like Schooling. You’re constantly learning†(99). Rose contends certification of diverse intelligence does not result in a tender mind. To recognize and accept a wide range of intellectual capacity is to effectively apply cognitive thinking. A person must appreciate the work of the mind that strives for accomplishment thus shaping that person’s personality. Rose concludes that a mind capable of applying its entire self, even without formal education, to seek out and solve problems while constantly learning something new, is a mind worthy of a democratic society. I, personally, agree with Rose’s argument. I believe that hands on experience, depending on the ability of one’s mind to adapt, may be more effective than learning through a book first. I believe one learns by doing. As I grew up, I was always taught, â€Å"you’ll never know until you try. † This, I never fully understood until I had come across problems of my own. I was able to read, and study things pertaining to my problem but never really solved the problem until I â€Å"tried†. Taking the problem and putting my handwork and knowledge to use created better results than reading and studying the problem alone. I’ve discovered over the years that one can never fully understand how any object or idea works until it has been physically applied or broken down. I believe that one can only learn through experience and experience can only be gained through trial and error. In accordance to Rose’s assumptions, I believe that even without formal teaching, the human brain always has the ability to absorb and process thing. One would only have to allow their brain to do so. Humans grow through hands-on experience. Without this experience, our generation would not be as evolved as it is. Shimizu ! 3 Rose explains that a mind willing to experience and attempt enhancement shapes the mind bearer’s personality. Character is built through experience. Taking the idea, â€Å"you’ll never know until you try†, and applying it to every day life shapes how a person thinks and views the world. Rosie observed her fellow employees and costumers but never learned how to cope with them until she â€Å"tried†. She experience what worked or did not work with the problems she faced, as for Joe too. They took the knowledge obtained through hands-on observation, devised a possible solution, applied it, and experienced first hand the results. In a way, they completed the perfect scientific method without even knowing it. Mike Rose observed his family and realized that â€Å"brilliance† does not necessarily come from a book, but from hands-on experience. This hands-on experience is what allows society to evolve. If knowledge is never applied, the society is stuck. The drive to solve problems, become more efficient, and make things easier should be instilled in every mind, thus allowing every mind to observe, hypothesize, and apply even without formal knowledge.

Tweeter Case Essay Example

Tweeter Case Essay Should Tweeter continue with its Automatic Price Protection (APP) policy along with Every-day Fair Pricing (EDFP)? Tweeter should continue with its current Marketing strategy based on APP policy and Every-day Fair pricing. Their target customer is the Quality/Service oriented and they should focus on retaining their loyalty. The shift from having continuous Sales Events to fair pricing and price protection has been proven successful as same store sales have increased, new stores have delivered consistent sales and total marketing expense has not increased as a % of Sales. Also profitability of the company has gone back to positive numbers as a result of the new pricing strategy. By not entering the Sale events, Tweeter will be able to maintain its reputation of high-end quality service retailer and keep its current market segment very well satisfied with its price protection program. 1. Customer Analysis: (a) What are the challenges that Tweeter faces in the market environment that they have to compete in? Use the data in Exhibit 13 to assess whether Tweeter is price competitive with its competitors when comparing objective prices? What factors impact the price image of retail store and how does Tweeter compare with its competitors? As a retailer of consumer electronics Tweeter faces several challenges in order to keep growing its sales and capture new consumers into their stores. As a boutique or specialty retailer of electronics Tweeter faces direct competition from other distribution channels in which the same products are sold. These are Electronic/Appliance Superstores, Department stores and in less weight Mass merchants and Warehouse clubs. We will write a custom essay sample on Tweeter Case specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Tweeter Case specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Tweeter Case specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer These bigger retailers characterize by giving consumers an image of everyday low prices which drive them into their stores, generally offering attractive Sales Event every week. Another challenge Tweeter faces is the entrance of new stores to the market with the chain Wiz planning to open 8 more stores in the New England Market, so this means Tweeter will need to work a strategy to keep its core customer loyal and not switching to these new stores. Bigger retailers carry more products so portfolio offering to consumers is greater than Tweeter creating a one stop shop for electronics consumers, which could drive away customers from Tweeter. Comparing price competitiveness of Tweeter against other retailers; 32 audio and video products sold across multiple retailers were analyzed. Of those 32 products 18 products sold on Tweeter were sold at the same price or below compared to Lechmere, Circuit City or Wiz. Only 9 products were priced higher by Tweeter in % ranging from 4% to 17% higher and most of the prices were on sale or advertised. See Exhibit 1 for calculations. Based on information in exhibit 1, Tweeter has a competitive position in similar products against the other retailers, the key is how they could advertise this position so that consumers think they have competitive prices even though they are a high-end, high quality retailer. (b) How do consumers make purchasing decisions in the electronics market? What are the challenges faced by Tweeter due to this? Will APP help in overcoming some of these challenges and how? By conducting Focus Groups Tweeter identified how consumers made their decisions in the New England Market. They identified consumers thought about their purchase decision two months in advance on average and visited two to three retailers prior to making the purchase. Most of visits were driven by newspaper ads and most of them waited for the product to be advertised in order to purchase the desired product. Tweeter also found out that most of the customers who shopped on Tweeter stores also visited Lechmere, Fretter and Sears because they believed Tweeter was more expensive than other retailers. Finally focus group interviews showed that if price would not be an issue, most of the customers would prefer to shop on Tweeter. Another key information they got from the study was customer type: Entry level customers, The price biter, the convenience customer and Quality/Service Customer. 70% of Tweeter customers are in the Quality/Service Type but only represented 10% of total market in New England. By having most of customer base in smallest market segment Tweeter needs to create a marketing strategy to satisfy its current customer base in order to become 100% loyal. Value proposition and differentiation will be key drivers in order to keep current customers satisfied. 20% of tweeter customers are price-biters, so these customers could be potentially lost to lower-cost perceived retailers. With APP introduction Tweeter could overcome price competition by offering current customers the peace of mind that they will pay the lowest price without the need of lowering retail prices and continue to offer great customer service. This strategy works perfectly because customers will not see cheap retail prices which could trade down Tweeter’s image of being a high-end quality retailer to a low cost cheap retailer. (c) Which segments of the market is Tweeter currently targeting? Who is their primary target? Evaluate Tweeter’s performance with their target customers? How will APP impact Tweeter’s performance with their primary target market and other segments? Tweeter is currently targeting the Quality/Service oriented customer. Customers who want high-end products and are willing to have a better shopping experience with great customer service. They are outperforming competition in this segment with 70% market share with closest competitor being circuit city with 15% (out of the 10% quality/service customer segment). APP will consolidate loyalty and create a shield to defend its current customers from competition. Tweeter primary customer likes quality and service but could be driven away by a lower priced retailer, so by giving the price guarantee to their current customers Tweeter could retain them. Another segment that could be influenced by APP will be the price-biters. Currently Tweeter has 20% of its customer base in this segment and they could drive additional consumers who are searching for the lowest price with APP strategy. In the Pennsylvania market the new acquired Bryn Mawr stores have not been able to successfully increase sales with APP but Tweeter CEO should not worry about this strategy because market could be different. They should conduct same analysis done in New England for market segmentation to understand better their customer and come out with correct strategy. . Company Analysis: (a) Enumerate the key objectives that a retailer might have? In your assessment, which objectives are challenging for Tweeter to achieve given the competitive market and customer environment that they face? Specialty retailers have key objectives that have to be met in order to be successful. They need to have good location, credibility, great customer service, good product offer, competitive prices, financially feasible margins and they need to bring people to their stores and make final purchase decision at their stores. Tweeter faces the challenge of capturing consumers from other retailers and be the best option for final purchase decision. Price competition is a major challenge to Tweeter because it could lose sales, or it could drop down its current margin by trying to offer lower cost products trying to compete against bigger retail chains. (b) How does APP help Tweeter in overcoming these challenges and achieving the objectives? Tweeter target customer is very special. They like to receive good service and like to purchase good quality products. The threat Tweeter faces by new market entrants is by price reductions to current products. Those customers who are a little price sensitive could switch from Tweeter to other retailers. APP is a great tool that Tweeter management designed in which they will automatically match a lower advertised priced after the purchase and send a check for the difference to its customer. This will help Tweeter keep its current customer base and don’t lower retail prices keeping image of high-end quality service retail store. (c) Use the data in the case to evaluate whether APP has been effective? List the metrics that you are using and present your analysis using data in the case. Since the change of marketing strategy in 1993 sales have grown almost two times by 1996 from $43M to $82M (estimated). The new strategy had three components: APP, Everyday-fair pricing (no more Sales events) and change in advertising mix from newspaper to Television and Radio. Same-store sales grew by 50% with new strategy and the other incremental revenue came from the seven new stores they opened over the three year period. With the information given in the case APP is not the only component of the new marketing strategy, but a part of a new shift in the marketing strategy. As a part of the new strategy APP has been effective as it only represents around 0. 5% of the total revenues. See Exhibit 2 for Calculations. Sales per store have increased since the switch to the new strategy, not all of them could be addressed to APP but as a part of the new strategy and representing a small expense as a % of revenues, strategy has proven to be effective. See Exhibit 3 for same store sales. On the financial performance Tweeter has been able to improve margins, not affected by new fair-pricing strategy and reduce expenses boosting net income from negative numbers to 4% over sales. See Exhibit 4 for Margin Analysis. 3. Company Analysis: (a) What are the necessary factors for APP to be sustainable? In order for the APP program to be sustainable it will have to create additional sales growth and I will target maximum budget for APP under 1% of sales, not exceeding the other components of the marketing plan as Radio and Television advertisement and total marketing expense. The policy should also consider check shipping costs, so that minimum amount check could be modified in case shipping costs increases. The total amount per check should also be limited, calculating an average rebate that will not go below marginal cost of advertised products. They should maintain the 30 day policy for rebate granting. Last but not least, overhead costs from people operating the program should be consistent with revenue growth as a % of sales and don’t create any additional overhead costs for Tweeter. (b) Is APP sustainable for Tweeter? Currently APP represents only 0. 5-0. % of revenues in first years of operation (Exhibit 2). APP is sustainable as total sales have increased by 100%, new stores have good sales and same-stores have experienced a 50% growth increase since the program was launched. As part of the new marketing strategy, advertising has gone down from 8. 9% to 8. 0% as a percentage of sales so Tweeter has not incurred in additional marketing expen se just a different mix. So APP has been sustainable for Tweeter in this 3 years of operation and has been effective to maintain its target customer: Quality/Service oriented electronic goods shopper.

Conditioning Performance Analysis and Development of the Golf Swing The WritePass Journal

Conditioning Performance Analysis and Development of the Golf Swing Conditioning Performance Analysis and Development of the Golf Swing IntroductionNeeds analysisMuscle groupsMethodsResultsDiscussionStrengthPower Core stabilityExercise prescriptionConclusionRelated Introduction Golf is one of the most popular sports played throughout the world and is played at all levels, form beginner to advanced pro levels. One of the great things about golf is that you can compete against anybody of any levels as long as you have a handicap. Over recent years, since Tiger Woods came on to the scene, golf has seen more of a scientific approach with most pros and even elite amateurs implementing fitness programmes into their daily routine in order to improve their performance on the course. Burden et al. (1998) states that in order to optimise powerful rotational force that translates into the back of the ball via the club head, the athlete requires to produce a series of muscular contractions and joint movements that have to be precise in order to develop an efficient swing. The advantages of having an efficient and powerful golf swing will result in high ball velocity, which in turn will have a positive impact on performance. In addition, an efficient golf swing will require less effort to hit the ball the same distance when compared with someone that has less efficiency (Burden et al, 1998). It is evident from biomechanical literature that using the longest lever available will result in the greatest force being produced (Cooper et al, 1974). This can be highlighted in the game of golf, where an individual seeks to hit their longest club in the bag when they want to achieve optimal distance. At the elite level in golf, the difference between hitting the ball that extra 5 or 10 yards in the air can be huge. This could be the difference between carrying bunkers off the tee, to going for the green in 2 at a par 5. These finite differences can separate a golfer from his competitors and can be the difference between success and failure. As previously mentioned, golfers use the driver off the tee when they want to maximise distance. In contrast to this, Iron shots, chipping and putting are more about the feel that the golfer possesses, as the goal is to send the ball to a certain location with a required distance. In order to seek perfection in these categories, hand eye co-ordination is the skill required as opposed to strength and power. The purpose of this study was to identify the components of fitness that an elite amateur golfer possesses, which would provide the fundamentals for an efficient swing.   A battery of tests was constructed that replicated movements in the golf drive. These tests were performed by an elite amateur and recreational club golfer, which would highlight differences between results. A training programme was then constructed for the recreational subject, which would focus on the weaknesses and try to bridge the gap between the novice and elite athlete. Athlete Name: Keith Young Gender: Male Age: 36 Height: 5’10 Weight: 85kg Handicap: +2 Club: Gullane Keith Young is regarded as one of the best amateurs in Scotland and has been for many years. Keith has played at all levels of the game, representing his county and country along the way, together with turning pro for a spell earlier in his career. Keith was chosen for this project due to his past experience of competing at the top level, which will enable a true comparison to be drawn between an elite and novice golfer. Novice/Control Name: Stuart Brown Gender: Male Age: 39 Height: 5’9 Weight: 80kg Handicap: 15 Club: Glencorse Stuart has been playing golf for less than a year and in comparison to Keith he has a high handicap, which will enable the differences in physiological components of fitness to be highlighted in the golf swing. Needs analysis Barrentine et al. (2004) states that an efficient golf swing is a result of a sequence of muscular contractions that enables powerful rotation. Plowman and Smith (2003) define power as work divided by time. The power created in the golf swing is largely down to the strength of the muscles involved and the speed at which they contract. Large amounts of strength together with fast muscular contractions result in peak power output(McArdle et al, 2001), which essentially results in high ball velocities. In addition to the golfer requiring to produce large amounts of force into the back of the ball, it is essential that they maintain core stability throughout the swing in order to maintain efficiency and reduce the amount of energy being wasted (Hosea et al, 1990). Gatt, (1996) and Lehman, (2006) also imply that sufficient core stability will reduce the likelihood of injury and will maximise the total energy that is transmittedthrough the ball. A study by Baechle and Earle (2008) conveyed that core stability was the ability of the central muscles to control the movement of the body in the anterior and posterior directions. According to Hosea and Gatt, (1996), large levels of core stability around the abdominal and oblique area allow for an efficient transfer of power between the lower body and upper body. In contrast, low levels of core stability would result in the weaker muscle breaking down during the swing, which would result is the loss of energy and low power output. Due to the large amounts of force and torques being created during the golf swing, injury to the spine is likely if the athlete is not in the right condition. This is highlighted by Lehman, (2006) who noted that weak core stability will result in the golfer not being able to resist the large torques generated and may predispose the golfer to lower back pain. The golf swing is a complex movement and involves a sequence of coiling of the legs, hips, back, arms and the club. The power output of the golf swing is a byproduct of the power generated by the agonist and antagonist contractions, which is known as the pre stretch principle (Baechle and Earle, 2008). The pre stretch principle usually involves a rapid change from deceleration to acceleration in the positive direction and can be best replicated by using polymeric exercises (Chu, 1998). The driving distance of a golfer is well documented in studies by Doan et al, (2006) and Fletcher and Hartwell, (2004) who conveyed that you can significantly increase your driving distance, with the implementation of polymeric training. Muscle groups In the golf swing it is imperative that the golfer has a solid base, as this will provide balance for the rotation of the upper body, which will result in large amounts of torque being generated. Barrentine et al, (1994) suggests that the hamstrings, quadriceps and gluts provide the base and in turn have a large role to play in the golf swing. A solid base in the golf swing will involve a stance of shoulder width apart and a flexion at the knee of 40 degrees. To enable this knee flexion and a solid base, there will be an eccentric contraction around the quadriceps with an opposing concentric contraction in the hamstrings. Furthermore the hip rotation that goes towards the target is controlled by the quadriceps adductors and abductors. Barrentine et al. (1994), also state that it is imperative to contract the hip flexors, rotators and extensors if you want to achieve maximal club head speed, as in order to create this powerful transition between the lower and upper body,   hip rotation is the vital ingredient to the cores rapid uncoiling. In the same study by Barrentine et al. (1994) they also convey that a golfer must have strong forearms if they want to achieve optimal distance off the tee. This is largely due to strong forearms being able to resist the force of the club on the way down, allowing for a delay in the rotation of the forearms, which in turn increase the torque generated and essentially results in greater performance. Methods A battery of tests was constructed for both the athlete and the novice that would replicate the movements of the muscles in the golf drive. The tests were constructed in orderto cover all components of fitness that are vital in the golf swing and can be identified as; balance, power, strength and core stability. These tests were chosen as the golf swing is a whole body movement that involves open kinetic chain movements together with contractions of the muscles (Bruder et al, 1998). The following tests were carried out at Craiglockhart Sports Centre, Edinburgh, UK. In order to ensure that there were no external factors present that could affect the validity of the results, all tests were carried out in the fitness suite and sports hall. In order to minimize the risk of injury, prior to testing, both subjects performed a 10 minute warm up to ensure heart rate was elevated and the muscles were warm (Olsen et al, 2004). In addition to this, they also replicated their own warm up that they would undergo prior to playing golf. An overhead medicine ball throw (2kg; NIKE SPARQ) was prescribed to provide replication of the hip flexors on the back swing and downswing, as this ensures that the core and torso coil before rapidly uncoiling towards the target. This plyometric exercise was chosen to ensure that a pre stretch occurred around the hip joint. Fletcher and Hartwell. (2004) implied that in order for the projection of the ball to be successful, the subject would have to start the movement form the legs and in sequence transfer this energy through the hips and arms, which would ultimately lead to the projection of the ball. Poor co-ordination and an inability to link these sequential moves efficiently would result in loss of energy, which would present a poor throw. The subject required to stand in an upright position whilst holding the ball anterior to the hip flexors. The subjects then required to keep their arms extended, whilst flexing their knees, and then extend their knees to propel the ball vertica lly with the arms in the vertical direction. The ball was thrown overhead and distance was then recorded. Each subject was given 3 familiarisation trials post warm up, where upon they would have 3 trials and the best trial would be recorded. A 45 degree incline medicine ball throw was the second plyometric test performed by both subjects. Subjects required to flex both their knees whilst holding the ball just outside of the right knee and keep their arms extended. The subjects were then instructed to rotate in the opposite horizontal direction and extend vertically, where they would propel the ball at 45 degrees in the upward direction, where upon distance would be recorded. The subjects were then required to carry out the same movement in the opposite direction, to ensure that they were both using concentric and eccentric contractions that are replicable in the golf swing (Beachle and Earle, 2008). This would also help to highlight potential weaknesses or imbalances between the dominant and non dominant sides. One of the test measure used to measure core stability was the plank. This test involves the subjects to support their own body weight with the aid of their forearms and toes in the face down position. The plank requires the back to be flat at all times, together with a gap between the ground and core muscles at all times. Subjects were required to perform these tests to failure, which could be identified as a reduction in the gap present, increased curvature of the spine or failure to maintain the tension of the core muscle which would result in falling. In addition to the front plank there is an alternative method that can be used, and is known as the side plank. This method is used to assess the strength of the oblique’s, which are present in the in both the loading of the back swing and rapid uncoiling of the downswing. Subjects were required lie on their side and support their body weight with the foot and forearm of the same side. Proper technique was deemed when the hip was raised off the ground and a straight line between the feet and head was present. This test was performed on both the left and right sides to failure, which would highlight imbalances between sides and potential areas of gain. The back plank was the last testing plank protocol used to measure core stability. This test is similar to the previous planks, however it required subjects to face upwards and hold their body weight with both their heel and forearms. Again proper technique was only deemed if there was a straight line between the legs and upper body. However this exercise not only assesses the strength of the core muscles, it tests the strength of the lower back, which is one of the main injury risks in golfers (Vad et al, 2004). A medicine ball twist to failure was the last method used to measure strength in the core muscles. This method required subjects to sit on the ground with their knees flexed at 90 degrees, whilst keeping their back straight. They would then proceed to rotate laterally on both sides, ensuring that the ball touched the ground, as this would replicate the rotation of the golf swing and would imply a plyometric effect. In order for the subject to return the ball to the ground of each side, they would require to maintain balance throughout the core muscles and erector spine. This test was performed to failure, which could be deemed when the subjects back or legs touched the ground, or the inability to enable the ball to touch the ground on consecutive occasions. Strength in the forearm is a key element in the golf swing as mentioned previously. In order to measure this, a one rep max (1RM) was calculated for the flexion/extension of the wrist. The methods of Kraemer et al, (2002) were applied to this protocol to ensure that there was a low risk of injury. These methods required subjects to perform a 5RM in a seated position with the forearm resting on the knees, being flexed at 90 degrees, whereupon the dumbbell would be moved by the flexion of the wrist. As mentioned previously, the legs are the base of the golf swing and invole a serious of concentric and eccentric contractions in the quadriceps and gluts. The strength of the lower body was measured by having the subject perform a 1RM seated leg press, where the knees were flexed at 90 degrees and extension of the knee provided the subjects maximum strength in the gluts, quads and knee joint. In addition to this, a 1RM of the back squat to parallel was calculated for the subjects using the established 5RM protocol provided by Kraemer et al. (2002). The back squat required the subject to hold an Olympic bar (20kg; Eleiko, Sweeden) just below the back of the neck in the upper trapezius region. Whilst keeping the back straight, the subject was instructed to squat down until there was a flexion of 90 degrees at the knee. This position was addressed in advance to the test with familiarisation trial and a safety bar being placed at the 90 degree position. The parallel squat was used as Be achle and Earle. (2008) imply that this test is a true measure of whole body strength and is also deemed to be safer than testing for strength during the midpoint of the squat. This test was found to be relevant as it replicates the golf swing as a whole body movement, with the muscle and joints having to work in sequence to provide efficiency. Results Table 1: Battery of test results Exercise Athlete Novice Leg Press 260kg 195kg Back Squat 135kg 110kg Overhead Med. Ball Throw 45 ft. 46 ft. 45  °Med. Ball Throw Left 51ft. 40ft. 45  °Med. Ball Throw Right 45.9 ft. 37 ft. Med. Ball Twist 45 reps. 42 reps. Wrist Flexion 27 kg. 26 kg. Wrist Extension 11 kg. 9 kg. Plank 3 minutes 4 seconds. 2 minutes 42 seconds. Side Plank Left 3 minutes 15 seconds. 1 minute 45 seconds. Side Plank Right 2 minutes 30 seconds. 1 minute 52 seconds. Reverse Plank 2  Ã‚   minutes 42 seconds. 1 minutes   43 seconds. Figure 1: Measures of core stability. Time to failure measured in seconds. Figure 2: Measure of rotational power, distance measure in feet. Discussion The results illustrated above highlight that generally the elite golfer outperformed the novice golfer. In order to establish the differences between the two performers, components of fitness were put into different categories, of which were, power, core stability and strength. Due to the demands that strength training places on the body, it was agreed that flexibility work would be incorporated on a daily basis to ensure there was no restriction in range of motion. Strength As mentioned previously, power and strength are 2 key components in achieving a successful golf drive. Beachle and Earle. (2008) define strength as the ability to exert maximal force at a given velocity and in turn Kraemer et al. (2002) Portray they theory that in order to develop power, it is essential to have a strength base. Kraemer et al. (2002) also noted that individuals must train at intensities higher than 80% of their 1RM in order to seek optimal rewards. Strength training would therefore be incorporated into the programme prior to the commencement of the power phase. The use of closed kinetic chain exercises would be employed as Kraemer and Ratamess, (2004) implies these compound movements enhance the production of muscular force. Power Plowman and Smith (2003)defined power as the product of force and velocity. Therefore, it is imperative when constructing a training programme to take into consideration both elements (Kraemer and Ratamess, 2004). During the power phase the athlete should attempt to lift the same loads they were lifting in the strength phase (80% 1RM) but should attempt to do this at high speeds. Furthermore, the power production phase should involve the athlete lifting lighter loads (60% 1RM) at maximal velocity (Power and Howley, 2009). Research within the literature (Beachle and Earle, 2008; Kraemer et al, 2002; Kraemer and Ratamess, 2004) suggests that maximal power production be addressed with the use of both heavy and light loads at maximal velocity. Core stability As illustrated in the results section, the elite athlete possessed higher levels of core stability when compared to the novice. In order to minimise the risk of injury and achieve optimal performance, core strength training has to be prescribed in the exercise training programme (Baechle and Earle, 2008). The goal is to increase the neuromuscular strength or the core and enhance endurance, rather than focussing on shear muscle fore, as inexperience in this area can lead to injury (Kraemer and Ratamess, 2004). Exercise prescription The control subject did not employ a training programme prior to testing or at any stage in the last couple of years, therefore this training programme would not disrupt any progression with any other physical components. Following the guideline of Kraemer et al. (2006) it was decided that the control subject would exercise 3 days per week. This would enable the subject to have sufficient rest periods between sessions and allow for adaptation to occur (Power and Howley, 2009). The programme was prescribed in order to initiate the development of strength prior to the inclusion of the power phase, with development of core stability and maintenance of flexibility being incorporated throughout. All exercises with the exception of core stability were to be performed to 3 sets of 8; with a 2 minute rest period in between sets. The series of core exercises were prescribed to be performed for 4 sets of 25 reps and a 1 minute rest was deemed to be sufficient for recovery. In order for physiological adaptation to occur, each training phase was prescribed for a period of 4 weeks, as Kraemer and Ratamess (2004) state this period of time is sufficient enough to allow for adaptation to the training stimulus. Table 2: Strength development – Phase 1. Day One Day Two Day Three Deadlift Unilateral dumbbell bench press Squat Bent over row Shoulder lateral dumbbell raises Triceps kickbacks Core stability series Shoulder rear dumbbell raises Forearm curls/extensions Flexibility series Core stability series Core stability series Flexibility series Flexibility series The commencement of exercises prescribed in phase 2 could only be employed post phase 1, with the subject having adapted and now having a strength base. The goal in the power phase as noted by Kraemer and Ratamess. (2004) would be to apply maximal force at maximal velocity. In order to enhance power, it was deemed appropriate to reduce the weight to 60% of the athletes 1RM, as this would enable the load to be lifted at a higher velocity. All of the prescribed exercises were performed to 4 sets of 5 with 2 minutes rest, with the exception of the core, which was performed to 4 sets of 30. Table 3 – Power – phase 2 Day One Day Two Day Three Deadlift  ¼ Jump squat One arm dumbbell snatch Bent over row Hang pull Tricep kickbacks Unilateral dumbbell bench press Lateral medicine ball throw (off rebounder/wall) Forearm curls/extensions Core stability series Core stability series Core stability series Flexibility series Flexibility series Flexibility series The purpose of phase 3 was to divide the week into 2 different components, of which 2 sessions would be on each. The sessions would be based on strength/power and ballistic/speed exercises. On the force production days, it was deemed imperative to perform all exercises for 3 reps and 5 sets, as Kraemer and Ratamess (2004) implies that this will enable maximal force production.   The introduction of fast force sessions was incorporated to enhance power by moving heavy loads at high velocities. These sessions were to be performed for 5 sets and 3 reps, with 2 minutes rest in between.   The speed exercises were employed to be performed with light weights (30-60% 1RM) which is highlighted in the study by Kraemer and Ratamess (2004). These exercises were in accordance with the same set and reps of the fast force sessions. The core exercises increased from 4 sets to 5, whilst keeping the reps the same. Table 4: Maximal power – Phase 4. Day One/MaxForce Day Two/Speed Day Three/Fast Force Day Four/Speed Deadlift 60m sprint Hang pull 60m sprint Squat Hang clean  ¼ jump squat One arm dumbbell snatch Forearm curls/extensions Core stability series Seated Russian twist with weight plate Lateral medicine ball throw (off rebounder/wall) Triceps kickbacks Core stability series Flexibility series Core stability series Flexibility series Flexibility series Flexibility series Conclusion It is evident from all of the above, that in order to have efficiency in the golf drive, physiological components of fitness need to be addressed. With the comparison of the elite and novice golfer, noticeable difference can be highlighted and therefore shortfalls in the the novice are highlighted. A training programme can then be adopted following guidance within the literature and taking into account current fitness levels of the individual. This training programme aims to address the weaknesses in the novice golfer and provide a physiological basis for improvement taking into account the understanding of scientific literature.

The Battle of the Java Sea in World War II

The Battle of the Java Sea in World War II The Battle of the Java Sea occurred on February 27, 1942, and was an early naval engagement of World War II (1939-1945) in the Pacific. With the beginning of fighting in the Dutch East Indies, Allied forces attempted to unite to slow the Japanese advance south towards Australia. This saw a combined American, British, Dutch, and Australian fleet formed to protect Java. In late February, this fleets Eastern Strike Force, led by Rear Admiral Karel Doorman, engaged the approaching Japanese in the Java Sea. In the resulting engagement, Doorman doggedly attacked the Japanese but proved unable to halt their advance. The battle concluded with the loss of the light cruisers HNLMS De Ruyter and Java as well as Doormans death. In the wake of the fighting, the remaining Allied ships fled though most were destroyed in separate actions a short time later. Background In early 1942, with the Japanese rapidly advancing south through the Dutch East Indies, the Allies attempted to mount a defense of Java in an effort to hold the Malay Barrier. Concentrating under the unified command known as American-British-Dutch-Australian (ABDA) Command, Allied naval units were divided between bases at Tandjong Priok (Batavia) in the west and Surabaya in the east. Overseen by Dutch Vice Admiral Conrad Helfrich, ABDA forces were badly outnumbered and in poor condition for the approaching fight. To take the island, the Japanese formed two major invasion fleets. Japanese Attacks Along the Malay Barrier. US Army Center for Military History Japanese Sighted Sailing from Jolo in the Philippines, the Japanese Eastern Invasion Fleet was spotted by ABDA aircraft on February 25. This led Helfrich to reinforce Rear Admiral Karel Doormans Eastern Strike Force at Surabaya the next day with several ships from the Royal Navy. Upon their arrival, Doorman held a meeting with his captains to discuss the upcoming campaign. Departing that evening, Doormans force consisted of two heavy cruisers (USS Houston HMS Exeter), three light cruisers (HNLMS De Ruyter, HNLMS Java, HMAS Perth), as well as three British, two Dutch, and four American (Destroyer Division 58) destroyers. Sweeping the north coast of Java and Madura, Doormans ships failed to locate the Japanese and turned for Surabaya. A short distance to the north, the Japanese invasion force, protected by two heavy cruisers (Nachi Haguro), two light cruisers (Naka Jintsu), and fourteen destroyers, under Rear Admiral Takeo Takagi, slowly moved towards Surabaya. At 1:57 PM on February 27, a Dutch scout plane located the Japanese approximately 50 miles north of the port. Receiving this report, the Dutch admiral, whose ships were beginning to enter the harbor, reversed course to seek battle. ABDA Commander Rear Admiral Karel Doorman2 heavy cruisers, 3 light cruisers, nine destroyers Japanese Commanders Rear Admiral  Takeo TakagiRear Admiral Shoji Nishimura2 heavy cruisers, 2 light cruisers, fourteen destroyers The Battle Begins Sailing north, Doormans exhausted crews prepared to meet the Japanese. Flying his flag from De Ruyter, Doorman deployed his ships in three columns with his destroyers flanking the cruisers. At 3:30 PM, a Japanese air raid forced the ABDA fleet to disperse. Around 4:00 PM, Jintsu spotted the re-formed ABDA ships to the south. Turning with four destroyers to engage, Jintsus column opened the battle at 4:16 PM as the Japanese heavy cruisers and additional destroyers came up in support. As both sides exchanged fire, Rear Admiral Shoji Nishimuras Destroyer Division 4 closed and launched a torpedo attack. Exeter Disabled Around 5:00 PM, Allied aircraft struck the Japanese transports but scored no hits. At the same time, Takagi, feeling the battle was drifting too close to the transports, ordered his ships to close with the enemy. Doorman issued a similar order and the range between the fleets narrowed. As the fighting intensified, Nachi struck Exeter with an 8 shell that disabled most of the ships boilers and created confusion in the ABDA line. Badly damaged, Doorman ordered Exeter to return to Surabaya with the destroyer HNLMS Witte de With as an escort. The Sides Close Shortly thereafter, the destroyer HNLMS Kortenaer was sunk by a Japanese Type 93 Long Lance torpedo. His fleet in disarray, Doorman broke off the battle to reorganize. Takagi, believing the battle was won, ordered his transports to turn south towards Surabaya. Around 5:45 PM, the action was renewed as Doormans fleet turned back towards the Japanese. Finding that Takagi was crossing his T, Doorman ordered his destroyers forward to attack the approaching Japanese light cruisers and destroyers. In the resulting action, the destroyer Asagumo was crippled and HMS Electra sunk. Repeated Attacks At 5:50, Doorman swung his column around to a southeast heading and ordered the American destroyers to cover his withdrawal. In response to this attack and concerns about mines, Takagi turned his force north shortly before sunset. Unwilling to give in, Doorman steamed away into the darkness before planning another strike on the Japanese. Turning northeast then northwest, Doorman hoped to swing around Takagis ships to reach the transports. Anticipating this, and confirmed by sightings from spotter planes, the Japanese were in position to meet the ABDA ships when they reappeared at 7:20 PM. After a brief exchange of fire and torpedoes, the two fleets separated again, with Doorman taking his ships inshore along the Java coast in another attempt to circle around the Japanese. At approximately 9:00 PM, the four American destroyers, out of torpedoes and low on fuel, detached and returned to Surabaya. Over the next hour, Doorman lost his last two destroyers when HMS Jupiter was sunk by a Dutch mine and HMS Encounter was detached to pick up survivors from Kortenaer. A Final Clash Sailing on with his four remaining cruisers, Doorman moved north and was spotted by lookouts aboard Nachi at 11:02 PM. As the ships began to exchange fire, Nachi and Haguro fired spreads of torpedoes. One from Haguro fatally struck De Ruyter at 11:32 PM exploding one of its magazines and killing Doorman. Java was hit by one of Nachis torpedoes two minutes later and sank. Obeying Doormans final orders, Houston and Perth fled the scene without stopping to pick up survivors. Aftermath The Battle of the Java Sea was a resounding victory for the Japanese and effectively ended meaningful naval resistance by ABDA forces. On February 28, Takagis invasion force began landing troops forty miles to the west of Surabaya at Kragan. In the fighting, Doorman lost two light cruisers and three destroyers, as well as one heavy cruiser badly damaged and around 2,300 killed. Japanese losses numbered one destroyer badly damaged and another with moderate damage. HMS Exeter sinks during the Second Battle of the Java Sea, March 1, 1942. US Naval History Heritage Command Though soundly defeated, that the Battle of the Java Sea lasted seven hours is a testament to Doormans determination to defend the island at all costs. Many of the remaining units of his fleet were subsequently destroyed at the Battle of the Sunda Strait (February 28/March 1) and the Second Battle of the Java Sea (March 1). Many of the wrecks of those ships lost at the Battle of the Java Sea and the subsequent actions have been destroyed by illegal salvage operations.